JP2012074444A - 有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子用材料、有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子、表示素子、照明装置及び金属錯体化合物 - Google Patents
有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子用材料、有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子、表示素子、照明装置及び金属錯体化合物 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
2.前記一般式(1)のAまたはBの置換基として少なくとも一つの前記一般式(2)で表される基を有することを特徴とする前記1に記載の有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子用材料。
本発明の有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子用材料について説明する。
《一般式(1)で表される金属錯体(金属錯体化合物)
本発明に係る上記一般式(1)で表される金属錯体(金属錯体化合物ともいう)について説明する。
一般式(1)において、A、Bで各々表される基は、更に置換基を有していても良く、このような置換基として、アルキル基、シクロアルキル基、アルキニル基、芳香族炭化水素環基(芳香族炭素環基、アリール基等ともいい、例えば、フェニル基、p−クロロフェニル基、メシチル基、トリル基、キシリル基、ナフチル基、アントリル基、アズレニル基、アセナフテニル基、フルオレニル基、フェナントリル基、インデニル基、ピレニル基、ビフェニリル基等)、芳香族複素環基(例えば、ピリジル基、ピリミジル基、フリル基、ピロリル基、イミダゾリル基、ベンゾイミダゾリル基、ピラゾリル基、ピラジニル基、トリアゾリル基(例えば、1,2,4−トリアゾール−1−イル基、1,2,3−トリアゾール−1−イル基等))、オキサゾリル基、ベンゾオキサゾリル基、チアゾリル基、イソオキサゾリル基、イソチアゾリル基、フラザニル基、チエニル基、キノリル基、ベンゾフリル基、ジベンゾフリル基、ベンゾチエニル基、ジベンゾチエニル基、インドリル基、カルバゾリル基、カルボリニル基、ジアザカルボリル基(前記、カルボリニル基のカルボリン環構成する炭素原子の一つが窒素原子で置き換わったもの)、キノキサリニル基、トリアジニル基、キナゾリニル基、フタラジニル基等)、複素環基(例えば、ピロリジル基、イミダゾリジル基、モルホリニル基、オキサゾリジル基等)、アルコキシ基、シクロアルコキシ基、アリールオキシ基、アルキルチオ基、シクロアルキルチオ基、アリールチオ基、カルボニル基、アルコキシカルボニル基、アリールオキシカルボニル基、スルファモイル基、アシル基、アシルオキシ基、アミド基、カルバモイル基、ウレイド基、スルフィニル基、アルキルスルホニル基、アリールスルホニル基、ヘテロアリールスルホニル基、アミノ基、ハロゲン原子、フッ化炭化水素基、シアノ基、ニトロ基、ヒドロキシ基、チオール基、シリル基、ホスホノ基等が挙げられる。
本発明に係る一般式(2)で表される基について説明する。
本発明の有機EL素子の構成層について説明する。本発明において、有機EL素子の層構成の好ましい具体的を以下に示すが、本発明はこれらに限定されない。
(ii)陽極/正孔輸送層/発光層/電子輸送層/陰極
(iii)陽極/正孔輸送層/発光層/正孔阻止層/電子輸送層/陰極
(iv)陽極/正孔輸送層/発光層/正孔阻止層/電子輸送層/陰極バッファー層/陰極
(v)陽極/陽極バッファー層/正孔輸送層/発光層/正孔阻止層/電子輸送層/陰極バッファー層/陰極
本発明の有機EL素子においては、青色発光層の発光極大波長は430nm〜480nmにあるものが好ましく、緑色発光層は発光極大波長が510nm〜550nm、赤色発光層は発光極大波長が600nm〜640nmの範囲にある単色発光層であることが好ましく、これらを用いた表示素子であることが好ましい。
本発明に係る発光層は、電極または電子輸送層、正孔輸送層から注入されてくる電子および正孔が再結合して発光する層であり、発光する部分は発光層の層内であっても発光層と隣接層との界面であっても良い。
発光性ドーパント化合物について説明する。
本発明に係るリン光ドーパント化合物について説明する。
蛍光ドーパント化合物としては、クマリン系色素、ピラン系色素、シアニン系色素、クロコニウム系色素、スクアリリウム系色素、オキソベンゾアントラセン系色素、フルオレッセイン系色素、ローダミン系色素、ピリリウム系色素、ペリレン系色素、スチルベン系色素、ポリチオフェン系色素または希土類錯体系蛍光体等が挙げられる。
本発明の有機EL素子の発光層や発光ユニットに使用される発光ホスト化合物としては、発光層に含有される化合物のうち、その層中での質量比が20%以上であり、かつ室温(25℃)においてリン光量子収率が0.1未満の化合物と定義され、好ましくはリン光量子収率が0.01未満である。また、発光層に含有される化合物のうち、層中での質量比が20%以上であることが好ましい。
注入層は必要に応じて設け、電子注入層と正孔注入層があり、上記の如く陽極と発光層、または正孔輸送層、陰極と発光層、または電子輸送層との間に存在させても良い。
阻止層は上記の如く、有機化合物薄膜の基本構成層の他に必要に応じて設けられるものである。例えば、特開平11−204158号公報、同11−204359号公報、および「有機EL素子とその工業化最前線(1998年11月30日、エヌ・ティー・エス社発行)」の237頁等に記載されており正孔阻止層(ホールブロック層)がある。
正孔輸送層とは正孔を輸送する機能を有する正孔輸送材料からなり、広い意味で正孔注入層、電子阻止層も正孔輸送層に含まれるとみなすことができる。正孔輸送層は単層または複数層設けることができる。
電子輸送層とは電子を輸送する機能を有する材料からなり、広い意味で電子注入層、正孔阻止層も電子輸送層に含まれる。電子輸送層は単層または複数層設けることができる。
有機EL素子における陽極としては、仕事関数の大きい(4eV以上)金属、合金、電気伝導性化合物及びこれらの混合物を電極物質とするものが好ましく用いられる。このような電極物質の具体例としては、Au等の金属、CuI、インジウムチンオキシド(ITO)、SnO2、ZnO等の導電性透明材料が挙げられる。また、IDIXO(In2O3−ZnO)等非晶質で透明導電膜を作製可能な材料を用いてもよい。
一方、陰極としては仕事関数の小さい(4eV以下)金属(電子注入性金属と称する)、合金、電気伝導性化合物及びこれらの混合物を電極物質とするものが用いられる。このような電極物質の具体例としては、ナトリウム、ナトリウム−カリウム合金、マグネシウム、リチウム、マグネシウム/銅混合物、マグネシウム/銀混合物、マグネシウム/アルミニウム混合物、マグネシウム/インジウム混合物、アルミニウム/酸化アルミニウム(Al2O3)混合物、インジウム、リチウム/アルミニウム混合物、希土類金属等が挙げられる。これらの中で、電子注入性及び酸化等に対する耐久性の点から、電子注入性金属とこれより仕事関数の値が大きく安定な金属である第二金属との混合物、例えば、マグネシウム/銀混合物、マグネシウム/アルミニウム混合物、マグネシウム/インジウム混合物、アルミニウム/酸化アルミニウム(Al2O3)混合物、リチウム/アルミニウム混合物、アルミニウム等が好適である。
本発明の有機EL素子に用いることのできる支持基板(以下、基体、基板、基材、支持体等ともいう)としては、ガラス、プラスチック等の種類には特に限定はなく、また透明であっても不透明であってもよい。支持基板側から光を取り出す場合には、支持基板は透明であることが好ましい。好ましく用いられる透明な支持基板としては、ガラス、石英、透明樹脂フィルムを挙げることができる。特に好ましい支持基板は、有機EL素子にフレキシブル性を与えることが可能な樹脂フィルムである。
本発明に用いられる封止手段としては、例えば、封止部材と電極、支持基板とを接着剤で接着する方法を挙げることができる。封止部材としては、有機EL素子の表示領域を覆うように配置されておればよく、凹板状でも平板状でもよい。また、透明性、電気絶縁性は特に問わない。
有機層を挟み支持基板と対向する側の前記封止膜、あるいは前記封止用フィルムの外側に、素子の機械的強度を高めるために保護膜、あるいは保護板を設けてもよい。特に封止が前記封止膜により行われている場合には、保護膜、保護板を設けることが好ましい。これに使用することができる材料としては、前記封止に用いたのと同様なガラス板、ポリマー板・フィルム、金属板・フィルム等を用いることができるが、軽量、且つ薄膜化ということからポリマーフィルムを用いることが好ましい。
有機EL素子は空気よりも屈折率の高い(屈折率が1.7〜2.1程度)層の内部で発光し、発光層で発生した光のうち15%から20%程度の光しか取り出せないことが一般的に言われている。これは、臨界角以上の角度θで界面(透明基板と空気との界面)に入射する光は、全反射を起こし素子外部に取り出すことができないことや、透明電極ないし発光層と透明基板との間で光が全反射を起こし、光が透明電極ないし発光層を導波し、結果として光が素子側面方向に逃げるためである。
本発明の有機EL素子は基板の光取り出し側に、例えば、マイクロレンズアレイ状の構造を設けるように加工したり、あるいは所謂集光シートと組み合わせたりすることにより、特定方向、例えば、素子発光面に対し正面方向に集光することにより、特定方向上の輝度を高めることができる。
本発明の有機EL素子の作製方法の一例として、陽極/正孔注入層/正孔輸送層/発光層/電子輸送層/電子注入層/陰極からなる有機EL素子の作製法を説明する。
本発明の有機EL素子は、表示デバイス、ディスプレイ、各種発光光源として用いることができる。発光光源として、例えば、照明装置(家庭用照明、車内照明)、時計や液晶用バックライト、看板広告、信号機、光記憶媒体の光源、電子写真複写機の光源、光通信処理機の光源、光センサーの光源等が挙げられるがこれに限定するものではないが、特に液晶表示装置のバックライト、照明用光源としての用途に有効に用いることができる。
本発明の表示装置について説明する。本発明の表示装置は、本発明の有機EL素子を具備したものである。
本発明の照明装置について説明する。本発明の照明装置は上記有機EL素子を有する。
本発明の有機EL素子を具備した、本発明の照明装置の一態様について説明する。
《合成例:例示化合物(2)の合成》
三口フラスコに、国際公開第2009/148016号を参考に合成した中間体(A)、5.0g(12mmol)および脱水THF200mlを窒素気流下に加え、中間体(A)を溶解させた後、ドライアイス/アセトン浴を用いて冷却した。
三口フラスコに上記で合成した中間体(B)2.4g(7.9mmol)と別途合成した中間体(C)2.5g(9.5mmol)、リン酸カリウム(K3PO4)3.4g(15.9mmol)およびトルエン50mlを入れ、撹拌しながら窒素で15分間バブリングし脱気した。この溶液に酢酸パラジウム(Pd(OAc)2)0.09g(0.4mmol)とジシクロヘキシル(2′,6′−ジメトキシ−[1,1′−ビフェニル]−2−イル])フォスフィン(S−Phos)0.3g(0.8mmol)を加えた後、窒素気流下、48時間加熱撹拌した。室温冷却後、トルエンを加え、抽出、水洗し硫酸マグネシウムで脱水した後、濃縮し、酢酸エチル/ヘプタンでカラムクロマトグラフィーを行い、配位子(D)を1.8g(収率51%)で得た。
三口フラスコに上記で得た配位子(D)1.8gとトリスアセチルアセトンイリジウム(Ir(acac)3)およびグリセリン20mlを入れ、アルゴン気流下175℃で24時間反応させた。
《有機EL素子1−1の作製》
陽極としてパターニング済みのITO付きガラス基板上に市販の真空蒸着装置を用いて、真空度4.0×10−4Paで各有機層を積層させた。まず、正孔輸送/注入層として化合物(F−2)を20nmの厚さに形成し、さらに発光層として、ホスト化合物として化合物(F−1)と発光ドーパントとして例示化合物(2)を濃度が6質量%となるように40nmの厚さで製膜させた。
有機EL素子1−1の作製において、ホスト化合物、発光ドーパントを表1に記載のように変更した以外は同様にして、有機EL素子1−2〜1−10を作製した。
作製した有機EL素子1−1〜1−10は、図3、図4に示すように、非発光面をガラスケースで覆い、エポキシ系接着剤で封止して、下記に記載のように、各素子の効率、初期劣化、半減寿命、DS(ダークスポット)を評価した。
各素子について、2.5mA/cm2の定電流を印加した際の外部取出し量子効率を測定した。尚、測定には分光放射輝度計CS−1000(コニカミノルタセンシング社製)を用い、駆動時間は10分とし、この間の任意の時間に測定を終了した。
下記の測定法に従って、初期劣化および半減寿命の観点から安定性の評価を行った。
上記、安定性評価により初期輝度の1/2にまで駆動させた有機EL素子1−1〜1−10の各サンプルを用い、定電流駆動させた各素子を無作為に抽出した10人により、目視評価でダークスポットを観測し、下記のランク評価を行った。
△:ダークスポットを確認した人数が5〜7人の場合
○:ダークスポットを確認した人数が3〜5人の場合
◎:ダークスポットを確認した人数が3人未満の場合
尚、実用可能なランクは○、◎である。
《有機EL素子2−1の作製》
実施例1の有機EL素子1−1の作製と同様にして、正孔輸送/注入層としてα−NPDを10nmの厚さに形成した後、この正孔輸送層付き基板を窒素雰囲気下に移し、化合物(F−1)(80mg)、例示化合物(1)(3.5mg)をトルエン8mlに溶解した溶液を1000rpm、30秒スピンコートした後、真空中80℃で1時間乾燥して発光層とした。
有機EL素子2−1の作製において、表2に記載の様に化合物(F−1)および化合物(1)を変更した以外は同様にして、有機EL素子2−2〜2−10を作製した。
(効率)
作製した有機EL素子2−1〜2−10は、図3、図4に示すように、非発光面をガラスケースで覆い、エポキシ系接着剤で封止して、実施例1に記載と同様にして、各素子の効率を評価した。なお、効率の値は有機EL素子2−1の測定値を100とした場合の相対値で表した。
上記の効率を評価後の有機EL素子2−1〜2−10を2.5mA/cm2の定電流条件化により100時間連続点灯を行った後に、発光領域を確認し、発光領域が1/2未満であった素子を下記のランク評価に則って除外した。
△:ダークスポットを確認した人数が6〜10人の場合
○:ダークスポットを確認した人数が3〜5人の場合
◎:ダークスポットを確認した人数が3人未満の場合
尚、実用可能なランクは○、◎である。
《白色発光素子及び白色照明装置の作製》
陽極として20mm×20mmにパターニング済みのITO付きガラス基板上に、正孔注入/輸送層としてα−NPDを25nmの厚さで製膜し、さらに化合物(F−1)と例示化合物(3)とD−34をそれぞれ蒸着速度が100:5:0.6となるように調整し、膜厚40nmの発光層を設けた。
《白色発光素子及び白色照明装置の作製》
実施例3で作製した白色発光素子および白色照明装置と同じ基板上にポリ(3,4−エチレンジオキシチオフェン)−ポリスチレンスルホネート(PEDOT/PSS、Bayer製、Baytron P Al 4083)を純粋で70%に希釈した溶液を3000rpm、30秒スピンコートした後、乾燥し、膜厚30nmの正孔輸送層を設けた。
3 画素
5 走査線
6 データ線
A 表示部
B 制御部
101 有機EL素子
107 透明電極付きガラス基板
106 有機EL層
105 陰極
102 ガラスカバー
108 窒素ガス
109 捕水剤
Claims (10)
- 下記一般式(1)で表される金属錯体であることを特徴とする有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子用材料。
- 前記一般式(1)のAまたはBの置換基として少なくとも一つの前記一般式(2)で表される基を有することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子用材料。
- 前記一般式(2)のQ2、Q4は、各々窒素原子または酸素原子を含む5員の芳香族複素環であることを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載の有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子用材料。
- 前記一般式(1)のBは5員の含窒素芳香族複素環であることを特徴とする請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子用材料。
- 前記一般式(1)のMが白金またはイリジウムであることを特徴とする請求項1〜4のいずれか一項に記載の有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子用材料。
- 請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子用材料を含有することを特徴とする有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子。
- 請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子用材料を含有する層がウェットプロセスによって形成されたことを特徴とする請求項6に記載の有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子。
- 請求項6または7に記載の有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子を備えたことを特徴とする表示素子。
- 請求項6または7に記載の有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子を備えたことを特徴とする照明装置。
- 請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の一般式(1)で表されることを特徴とする金属錯体化合物。
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