KR102319427B1 - Full color display with intrinsic transparency - Google Patents

Abstract

The apparatus may include a first transparent display having at least one pixel that is electronically controlled and a second transparent display configured to emit an image.
Selected regions of the image are shown by making regions of the second transparent display corresponding to selected regions of the image appear transparent and regions of the first transparent display corresponding to the selected regions of the image appear opaque. .

Description

Full color display with intrinsic transparency

The present disclosure relates generally to electronic displays.

Various kinds of electronic visual displays, for example, liquid crystal displays (LCD), light emitting diode (LED) displays, organic light emitting diode (OLED) displays, polymer dispersed liquid crystal displays, electrochromic displays, electrophoretic displays and electrowetting displays have. Some displays are configured to reproduce color images or video at a specific frame rate, while others are capable of displaying static or semi-static content in color or black and white. Displays include desktop computers, laptop computers, tablet computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), smart phones, wearable devices (eg, smart watches), satellite navigation devices, portable media players, handheld game consoles, digital signage. , as part of a billboard, kiosk computer, point-of-sale (POS) device, or other suitable device. The display may be included in the control panel or status screen of a car or home or other device. The display may include a touch sensor capable of detecting the presence or location of a touch or object (eg, a user's finger or stylus) within the touch sensitive area of the touch sensor. The touch sensor allows the user to directly interact with what is displayed on the display.

One or more embodiments relate to a device. In an aspect, a device can include a first transparent display having at least one electronically controlled pixel. The device may include a second transparent display configured to emit an image. Selected regions of the image are viewed by making regions of the second transparent display corresponding to selected regions of the image appear transparent and regions of the first transparent display corresponding to the selected regions of the image appear opaque. .

One or more embodiments relate to a device. In an aspect, a device can include a first transparent display having at least one electronically controlled pixel. The device may include a second transparent display configured to emit an image. Selected regions of the image are viewed by making regions of the second transparent display corresponding to selected regions of the image appear transparent and regions of the first transparent display corresponding to the selected regions of the image appear opaque. .

One or more embodiments relate to a method. In an aspect, a method may include providing a first transparent display having at least one pixel, wherein the transparency of the at least one pixel is electronically controlled. The method may include providing a second transparent display configured to emit an image. The selected region of the image is viewed by making the region of the second transparent display corresponding to the selected region of the image appear transparent and the region of the first transparent display corresponding to the selected region of the image appearing at least substantially transparent.

One or more other embodiments relate to a method. In an aspect, a method may include receiving an image to be displayed on a device. The apparatus may include a first transparent display having at least one pixel whose transparency is electronically controlled and a second transparent display configured to emit an image. The method may include displaying the image on the device, wherein selected regions of the image make first regions of the second transparent display corresponding to the selected regions of the image transparent, the by making first regions of the first transparent display corresponding to selected regions of the image appear at least partially opaque.

This summary section is provided to introduce certain concepts only, and not to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter. Many other features and embodiments of the present invention will become apparent from the accompanying drawings and the following detailed description.

The accompanying drawings illustrate one or more embodiments. However, the accompanying drawings should not be used to limit the invention to only the illustrated embodiments. Various aspects and advantages will become apparent upon examination of the following detailed description and with reference to the drawings.
1 shows an example of a display device with a display showing a submarine image.
FIG. 2 illustrates an image in which the exemplary display device of FIG. 1 presents information in a semi-static mode.
3 and 4 show exemplary display devices having displays having different areas configured to operate in different display modes.
5 and 6 show exploded views of portions of example displays.
7 and 8 show an exploded view (left) of an exemplary display and a front view (right) of an exemplary display device having an exemplary display.
9 and 10 each show a front view of an exemplary display device having an exemplary display and an exploded view (left) of another exemplary display.
11 and 12 show a front view of an exemplary display device having an exemplary display and an exploded view (left) of another exemplary display.
13 and 14 each show an exploded view of another exemplary display.
15 and 16 show exploded views of yet another exemplary display.
17 depicts a portion of an exemplary partially emissive display.
18A-18E show examples of partially-emissive pixels.
19-23 each show an exploded view of an exemplary display.
24A-24B each depict a side view of an exemplary polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) pixel.
25 shows a side view of an exemplary electrochromic pixel.
26 shows a perspective view of an exemplary electrically dissipating pixel.
27 shows a top view of the exemplary electrically dissipating pixel of FIG. 26 .
28A-28C each show a top view of an exemplary electrically dissipating pixel.
29 shows a perspective view of an exemplary display wet pixel.
30 shows a top view of the exemplary electrowetting pixel of FIG. 90 .
31A-31C each depict a top view of an exemplary electrowetting pixel.
32 depicts an exemplary computer system.
33 and 34 each show a cross-sectional view of an exemplary display device.
35A-35D illustrate exemplary liquid crystals, respectively.
36A-36B show examples of Smectic A liquid crystals in a scattering state and a transparent state, respectively.
37 shows an exemplary projection system.
38 shows an exemplary architecture for the projector of FIG. 37 .
FIG. 39 shows an exemplary architecture for the projection device of FIG. 37 .
40 is an exploded view illustrating an example of the projection layer of FIG. 39 .
41 shows another exemplary display device having a display.
42 shows an exploded view of an exemplary display of the display device of FIG. 41 .
43A-43E show examples of partially radial pixels with an alpha channel.
Figure 44 shows another implementation example of the display of Figures 41-42.
45 shows an exploded view of an exemplary display device including a camera.
46 shows an exploded view of an exemplary display.
47A-47J show examples of visual effects implemented by the display of FIG. 46 .
48 shows an exploded view of another exemplary display.
49 shows an exploded view of an example parallax implementation of a display.
50A to 50C are exemplary views of a parallax configuration of the display of FIG. 40 .
FIG. 51 shows an exploded view of a volumetric implementation of the display of FIG. 48;
52 shows another example of a color filter configuration.
53 shows another example of a color filter configuration.
54 illustrates an example method for implementing a display.
55 depicts an exemplary method for operation of a display.

While the present disclosure concludes with claims defining novel features, it is believed that the various features set forth herein will be better understood from consideration of the description in conjunction with the drawings. The process(s), machine(s), manufacture(s), and variations thereof described within this disclosure are provided for purposes of explanation. Any specific structural and functional details described should not be construed as limitations, but merely as a basis for the claims and as a representative basis for teaching those skilled in the art to variously utilize the described features in virtually any suitably detailed structure. should be Also, the terminology and phraseology used within this disclosure is not intended to be limiting, but rather to provide an understandable description of the described features.

1 shows an exemplary display device 100 having a display 110 showing an image of a submarine. By way of example and not limitation, the display 110 of FIG. 1 may show moving pictures in color with high-definition video at a frame rate of 30 frames per second (FPS). In certain embodiments, display device 100 is an electronic book reader, global positioning system (GPS) device, camera, personal digital assistant (PDA), computer monitor, television, video screen, conference room display, portable electronic device, mobile phone, or Mobile devices such as smartphones, tablet devices, wearable devices (eg, smart watches), head-mounted displays (eg, virtual reality headsets, augmented displays, realistic headsets, etc.), electronic windows (eg, electronic (windows with opacity or graphics controlled by ), electronic display systems, other suitable electronic devices, or any suitable combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the display device 100 may include an electronic visual display 110 , which may be referred to as a display screen or display 110 . In a specific embodiment, the display device 100 includes a power source (eg, a battery), a wireless device for transmitting and receiving information using a wireless communication protocol (eg, Bluetooth, WI-FI, or cellular), a processor, a computer system, a touch sensor, a display controller for controlling the display 110 , or any other suitable device or component. By way of example and not limitation, display device 100 may include display 110 and a touch sensor that allows a user to interact with what is displayed on display 110 using, for example, a stylus or a user's finger. have. In certain embodiments, the display device 100 may include a device body, such as an enclosure, chassis, or case, for holding or accommodating one or more components or parts of the display device 100 . By way of example and not limitation, display 110 may include front and rear displays (described below), each of which may be coupled to the device body of display apparatus 100 (and other devices). . (eg, may be mechanically attached, connected, or pasted together with an epoxy or with one or more mechanical fasteners).

In certain embodiments, display 110 may be any suitable type of display, eg, any phase state (eg, twisted nematic (TN), super smectic A (SmA), smectic B (SmB). ), Smectic C (SmC) or Cholesteric) liquid crystal displays (LCD), light emitting diode (LED) displays, organic light emitting diode (OLED) displays, quantum dot displays (QD), polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) displays, electrochromic displays, electrophoretic displays, electrodispersive displays or electrowetting displays.

Examples of liquid crystal (LC) nematics include LC materials comprising calamitic-shaped (eg, rod-shaped) molecules that can be oriented in one dimension. For example, calamitic molecules can be self-aligned to have a long-range directivity order, with their long axes roughly parallel. An electric field can be applied to the LC material to control the orientation of the molecules. Also, calamitic molecules may have weak or no positional order.

Liquid crystal displays in TN systems are made from nematic liquid crystals, in which the nematic liquid crystal molecules are precisely twisted (eg spiral) in a first state to polarize light passing through the LC material. For example, TN LC has a 90 degree twisted structure. In the second state, the applied electric field reconfigures the nematic liquid crystal molecules to be aligned with the electric field. In this configuration, the LC material does not change the polarization of light passing through the LC material.

The liquid crystal display of the STN system is similar to the TN system. However, the nematic liquid crystal molecules in the STN system are precisely twisted from about 180 degrees to about 270 degrees.

An example of a liquid crystal (LC) smectic is a liquid crystal material whose positions are ordered along one direction, whereby the layers are defined. The LC material may be in a liquid-like form within the layer. For example, in SmA LC, molecules are oriented along the layer normal. Applying an electric field to the LC material can control the molecular orientation. It will be appreciated that there are different smectic phases, each with a position and orientation order.

Examples of nematic and smectic liquid crystals include, but are not limited to, biphenyls and analogs such as one or more of the following substances: Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Number: 61204-01-1 (4-(trans- 4-Amylcyclohexyl)benzonitrile); CAS number: 68065-81-6 (4'-(trans-4-Amylcyclohexyl)biphenyl-4-carbonitrile); CAS number: 52709-87-2 (4-Butoxy-4'-cyanobiphenyl); CAS number: 52709-83-8 (4-Butyl-4'-cyanobiphenyl); CAS number: 61204-00-0 (4-(trans-4-Butylcyclohexyl)benzonitrile); CAS number: 82832-58-4 (trans,trans-4'-Butyl-4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)bicyclohexyl); CAS number: 40817-08-1 (4-Cyano-4'-pentylbiphenyl); CAS number: 52364-71-3 (4-Cyano-4'-pentyloxybiphenyl); CAS number: 52364-72-4 (4-Cyano-4'-heptyloxybiphenyl); CAS number: 52364-73-5 (4-Cyano-4'-n-octyloxybiphenyl); CAS number: 54211-46-0 (4-Cyano-4''-pentyl-p-terphenyl); CAS number: 52709-86-1 (4-Cyano-4'-propoxy-1,1'-biphenyl; CAS number: 63799-11-1 ((S)-4-Cyano-4'-(2-methylbutyl) biphenyl)); CAS number: 58743-78-5 (4-Cyano-4'-ethoxybiphenyl); CAS number: 41424-11-7 (4'-Cyano-4-hexyloxybiphenyl); CAS number: 52709-84-9 (4-Cyano-4'-n-octylbiphenyl); CAS number: 57125-49-2 (4-Cyano-4'-dodecylbiphenyl); CAS number: 52709-85-0 (4-Cyano-4'-nonylbiphenyl); CAS number: 70247-25-5 (4'-Cyano-4-decyloxybiphenyl); CAS number: 57125-50-5 (4'-Cyano-4-dodecyloxybiphenyl); CAS number: 54296-25-2 (4-Cyano-4''-propyl-p-terphenyl); CAS number: 58932-13-1 (4'-Cyano-4-nonyloxybiphenyl); CAS number: 134412-17-2 (3,4-Difluoro-4'-(trans-4-pentylcyclohexyl)biphenyl); CAS number: 85312-59-0 (3,4-Difluoro-4'-(trans-4-propylcyclohexyl)biphenyl); CAS number: 82832-57-3 (trans,trans-4-(3,4-Difluorophenyl)-4'-propylbicyclohexyl); CAS number: 118164-51-5 (trans,trans-4-(3,4-Difluorophenyl)-4'-pentylbicyclohexyl); CAS number: 134412-18-3 (3,4-Difluoro-4'-(trans-4-ethylcyclohexyl)biphenyl); CAS Number: 1373116-00-7 (2,3-Difluoro-4-[(trans-4-propylcyclohexyl)methoxy]anisole); CAS number: 139215-80-8 (trans,trans-4'-Ethyl-4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)bicyclohexyl); CAS number: 123560-48-5 (trans,trans-4-(4-Ethoxy-2,3-difluorophenyl)-4'-propylbicyclohexyl); CAS number: 189750-98-9 　 (4-Ethoxy-2,3-difluoro-4'-(trans-4-propylcyclohexyl)biphenyl); CAS number: 84540-37-4 (4-Ethyl-4'-(trans-4-propylcyclohexyl)biphenyl); CAS number:135734-59-7 (trans,trans-4'-Ethyl-4-(4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)bicyclohexyl); CAS No: 95759-51-6 (2'-Fluoro-4-pentyl-4''-propyl-1,1':4',1''-terphenyl); CAS number: 41122-71-8 (4-Cyano-4'-heptylbiphenyl); CAS number: 61203-99-4 (4-(trans-4-Propylcyclohexyl)benzonitrile); CAS No: 154102-21-3 ((R)-1-Phenyl-1,2-ethanediyl Bis[4-(trans-4-pentylcyclohexyl)benzoate]); CAS number: 131819-23-3 (trans,trans-4'-Propyl-4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)bicyclohexyl); CAS number: 137644-54-3 (trans,trans-4'-Pentyl-4-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)bicyclohexyl); CAS number: 96184-40-6 (4-[trans-4-[(E)-1-Propenyl]cyclohexyl]benzonitrile); CAS number: 132123-39-8 (3,4,5-Trifluoro-4'-(trans-4-propylcyclohexyl)biphenyl); CAS number: 173837-35-9 (2',3,4,5-Tetrafluoro-4'-(trans-4-propylcyclohexyl)biphenyl); and CAS number: 137529-41-0 (trans,trans-3,4,5-Trifluoro-4'-(4'-propylbicyclohexyl-4-yl)biphenyl).

Additional examples of nematic and smectic liquid crystals include, but are not limited to, carbonates such as one or more of the following materials: CAS number: 33926-46-4 (Amyl 4-(4-Ethoxyphenoxycarbonyl)phenyl Carbonate); CAS No.: 33926-25-9 (4-(4-Ethoxyphenoxycarbonyl)phenyl Ethyl Carbonate).

Further examples of nematic and smectic liquid crystals include, but are not limited to, phenyl esters such as one or more of the following substances: CAS Number: 62716-65-8 (4-Ethoxyphenyl 4-Butylbenzoate) ; CAS number: 38454-28-3 (4-(Hexyloxy)phenyl 4-Butylbenzoate); CAS No: 42815-59-8 (4-n-Octyloxyphenyl 4-Butylbenzoate [Liquid Crystal]); CAS number: 114482-57-4 (4-Cyanophenyl 4-(3-Butenyloxy)benzoate); CAS No:38690-76-5 (4-Cyanophenyl 4-Heptylbenzoate M2106 4-Methoxyphenyl 4-(3-Butenyloxy)benzoate); CAS No: 133676-09-2 ((R)-2-Octyl 4-[4-(Hexyloxy)benzoyloxy]benzoate); CAS number: 87321-20-8 ((S)-2-Octyl 4-[4-(Hexyloxy)benzoyloxy]benzoate); CAS number: 51128-24-6 (4-Butoxyphenyl 4-Pentylbenzoate); CAS number: 50802-52-3 (4-Hexyloxyphenyl 4-Pentylbenzoate); CAS number: 50649-64-4 (4-n-Octyloxyphenyl 4-Pentylbenzoate); and CAS No: 2512-56-3 (4-Octylphenyl Salicylate).

Additional examples of nematic and smectic liquid crystals include, but are not limited to, Schiff bases such as one or more of the following substances: CAS Number: 30633-94-4 (N-(4-Methoxy-2) -hydroxybenzylidene)-4-butylaniline); CAS number: 36405-17-1 (4'-Butoxybenzylidene-4-cyanoaniline); CAS number: 37075-25-5 (4'-(Amyloxy)benzylidene-4-cyanoaniline); CAS number: 16833-17-3 (Butyl 4-[(4-Methoxybenzylidene)amino]cinnamate); CAS number: 17224-18-9 (N-(4-Butoxybenzylidene)-4-acetylaniline); CAS number: 17696-60-5 (Terephthalbis(p-phenetidine)); CAS number: 55873-21-7 (4'-Cyanobenzylidene-4-butoxyaniline); CAS number: 34128-02-4 (4'-Cyanobenzylidene-4-ethoxyaniline); CAS number: 24742-30-1 (4'-Ethoxybenzylidene-4-cyanoaniline); CAS number: 17224-17-8 (N-(4-Ethoxybenzylidene)-4-acetylaniline); CAS number: 29743-08-6 (4'-Ethoxybenzylidene-4-butylaniline); CAS number: 35280-78-5 (4'-Hexyloxybenzylidene-4-cyanoaniline); CAS number: 26227-73-6 (N-(4-Methoxybenzylidene)-4-butylaniline); CAS number: 10484-13-6 (N-(4-Methoxybenzylidene)-4-acetoxyaniline); CAS number: 836-41-9 (N-(4-Methoxybenzylidene)aniline); CAS number: 6421-30-3 (Ethyl 4-[(4-Methoxybenzylidene)amino]cinnamate); CAS number: 322413-12-7 (4-[(Methoxybenzylidene) amino] stilbene); and CAS number: 13036-19-6 (4-[(4-Methoxybenzylidene)amino]benzonitrile).

Further examples of nematic and smectic liquid crystals include, but are not limited to, azoxybenzenes such as one or more of the following substances: CAS Number: 1562-94-3 (4,4'- Azoxydianisole); CAS number: 4792-83-0 (4,4'-Azoxydiphenetole); CAS number: 6421-04-1 (Diethyl Azoxybenzene-4,4'-dicarboxylate); CAS number: 2312-14-3 (4,4'-Didodecyloxyazoxybenzene); CAS number: 2587-42-0 (4,4'-Bis(hexyloxy)azoxybenzene); CAS number: 19482-05-4 (4,4'-Diamyloxyazoxybenzene); CAS number: 23315-55-1 (4,4'-Dipropoxyazoxybenzene); CAS number: 23315-55-1 (4,4'-Dibutoxyazoxybenzene); CAS number: 25729-12-8 (4,4'-Di-n-octyloxyazoxybenzene); and CAS No: 25729-13-9 (4,4'-Dinonyloxyazoxybenzene).

Further examples of nematic and smectic liquid crystals include, but are not limited to, other chemical groups such as, but not limited to: Liquid Crystal, TK-LQ 2040 Electric effect type, Mesomorphic range: 20-40°C [ Nematic Liquid Crystal] from TCI AMERICA (Portland, Oregon) Catalog No. T0697; and Liquid Crystal, TK-LQ 3858 Electric effect type, Mesomorphic range: 38-58 C [Nematic Liquid Crystal] from TCI AMERICA (Portland, Oregon) as Product No. T0699.

Examples of cholesteric liquid crystals include, but are not limited to, cholesteryl compounds such as, for example, the following substances: CAS No: 604-35-3 (Cholesterol Acetate); CAS number: 604-32-0 (Cholesterol Benzoate); CAS No.: 604-33-1 Cholesterol Linoleate; CAS number: 1182-42-9 (Cholesterol n-Octanoate); CAS number: 303-43-5 (Cholesterol Oleate); CAS No: 1183-04-6 (Cholesterol Decanoate); CAS number: 1908-11-8 (Cholesterol Laurate); CAS number: 4351-55-7 (Cholesterol Formate); CAS number: 1510-21-0 (Cholesterol Hydrogen Succinate); CAS number: 633-31-8 (Cholesterol Propionate); CAS No: 6732-01-0 (Cholesterol Hydrogen Phthalate); CAS No: 32832-01-2 (Cholesterol 2,4-Dichlorobenzoate); and CAS No: 1182-66-7 (Cholesterol Pelargonate).

Examples of cholesteric liquid crystals include, but are not limited to, cholesteric carbonates such as, for example, the following substances: CAS No: 15455-83-1 (Cholesterol Nonyl Carbonate); CAS No: 15455-81-9 (Cholesterol Heptyl Carbonate); CAS No: 17110-51-9 (Cholesterol Oleyl Carbonate); CAS No: 23836-43-3 (Cholesterol Ethyl Carbonate); CAS number: 78916-25-3　 (Cholesterol Isopropyl Carbonate); CAS number: 41371-14-6 (Cholesterol Butyl Carbonate); CAS No: 15455-79-5 (Cholesterol Amyl Carbonate); CAS No: 15455-82-0 (Cholesterol n-Octyl Carbonate); and CAS No: 15455-80-8 (Cholesterol Hexyl Carbonate).

Examples of cholesteric liquid crystals include, but are not limited to, discotic liquid crystals such as, for example, the following materials: CAS No: 70351-86-9 (2,3,6,7,10, 11-Hexakis(hexyloxy)triphenylene); and CAS number: 70351-87-0 (2,3,6,7,10,11-Hexakis[(n-octyl)oxy]triphenylene).

In certain embodiments, display 110 may include any suitable combination of two or more suitable display types. By way of example and not limitation, display 110 may include an LCD, OLED, or QD display combined with an electrophoretic, electrowetting or LC SmA display. In certain embodiments, display 110 may comprise an emissive display, wherein the emissive display comprises emissive pixels configured to emit or modulate visible light. This disclosure contemplates any suitable type of emissive display, such as, for example, an LCD, LED display, or OLED display. In certain embodiments, display 110 may include a non-emissive display, which includes non-emissive pixels configured to absorb, transmit, or reflect ambient visible light. This disclosure contemplates any suitable type of non-luminescent display, such as, for example, a PDLC display, an LC SmA display, an electrochromic display, an electrophoretic display, an electrodispersive display, or an electrowetting display. In certain embodiments, a non-emissive display can include non-emissive pixels that can be configured to be substantially transparent (eg, a pixel is 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% of the light incident on the display) or transmit any suitable rate of light). A display having pixels that may be configured to be substantially transparent may be referred to as a display having high transparency or a high transparency display. In certain embodiments, ambient light may refer to light originating from one or more light sources located outside of the display device 100 , such as indoor light or sunlight. In certain embodiments, visible light (or light) may refer to light visible to the human eye, eg, light having a wavelength between about 400 and 750 nanometers. While this disclosure describes and illustrates a particular display having a particular display type, this disclosure contemplates any suitable display having any suitable display type.

In certain embodiments, display 110 may be, for example, a digital image, video (eg, movie or live video chat), website, text (eg, e-book or text message), or application (eg, video games), or any suitable combination of media content. In certain embodiments, display 110 may display information in color, black and white, and combinations of color and black and white. In certain embodiments, display 110 displays information that changes frequently (eg, video having a frame rate of 30 or 60 FPS), or displays information that is semi-static that changes relatively infrequently. (e.g., text or digital images that may be updated about once per hour, once per minute, once per second, or at an appropriate update interval). Portions of one display 110 may be configured to display video in color, and one or more other portions of display 110 may be configured to display semi-static information in black and white (eg, one per second). clock that is updated once or once per minute). While this disclosure describes and illustrates particular displays configured to display particular information in a particular manner, it contemplates any suitable display configured to display any suitable information in any suitable manner.

FIG. 2 shows an exemplary display device 100 having a display 110 showing information in the semi-static mode of FIG. 1 . In certain embodiments, the display 110 may be configured to have two modes of operation: a dynamic (or luminescent) mode and a semi-static (or non-luminous) mode. In the example of FIG. 8 , in the example shown in FIG. 1 , the display 110 may operate in a dynamic mode (eg, showing a video), and as shown in FIG. 2 , the display 110 may display time , can operate in semi-static mode displaying date, weather, monthly planner and map. 2 , information displayed in semi-static mode may be updated at relatively long intervals (eg, every 1, 10, or 60 seconds).

When operating in dynamic mode (as shown in Figure 1), display 110 may have one or more of the following properties: Display 110 may display content (eg, text, image, or video). They can be displayed with bright or vivid colors, high resolution, or high frame rates (eg 20 FPS or higher frame rates). Alternatively, the display 110 may operate in a light emitting mode in which the display device 100 or the display 110 includes a light source or an illumination source. Operating in a light emitting mode may allow the display 110 to display information without requiring an external light source (eg, the display 110 can be viewed in a dark room). In the case of an LCD, the light source can be a front light or backlight that illuminates the LCD, which modulates the light source to produce (or emit) an image. In the case of an OLED display, pixels of the OLED display can each generate light (eg, from red, green, and blue sub-pixels) that produces an emitted image. In certain embodiments, when operating in dynamic mode, display 110 may display content in color, black and white, and both color and black and white.

When operating in a semi-static mode (as shown in Figure 2), the display 110 may have one or more of the following properties: The display 110 may display text or images in color or black and white. Display 110 may operate in a non-emissive mode; display 110 may appear reflective; display 110 may display at a relatively low update rate (eg, 0.1, 1, or 10 FPS) lower frame rate or update rate); or the display 110 may consume little or no power. As another non-limiting example, the display 110 operating in dynamic mode may include, for example, For example, the display 110 may consume about 1-50 watts of power (depending at least in part on the type and size of the display 110), but in semi-static mode, the display 110 will display less than 0.1, 1, 10, or 100 milliwatts. As another example, but not limited thereto, the display 110 operating in the semi-static mode may consume power when updating the displayed content, and display a static, unaltered display. while not consuming power or negligible power (eg, less than 10 μW) Display 110 operating in a non-emissive mode does not use the display device 100 or an internal light source included in the display 110 . and may refer to the use of external ambient light (eg, indoor light or sunlight) to provide illumination to the display 110. The display 110 may be configured to dissipate electricity using an ambient light source as a source of illumination. may include an electrowetting display.In certain embodiments, the display 110 operating in non-emissive mode may refer to information displayed with non-emissive pixels.In certain embodiments, non-emissive pixels absorb light. , may refer to a pixel that transmits or reflects, in certain embodiments, a non-emissive pixel that does not emit visible light. It may refer to a pixel or pixel that does not modulate the amount of light (eg, intensity) or the amount of a particular color of visible light.

In certain embodiments, the display device 100 may be configured as a conference room display or information beacon, and when operating in a semi-static mode, the display 110 may display a clock, weather information, meeting calendar, artwork, poster, meeting notes. Or it may display a company logo or other suitable information or any suitable combination of information. In certain embodiments, the display device 100 may be configured as a personal display device (eg, a television, tablet or smart phone), and when operating in a semi-static mode, the display 110 may, for example, TV show reminders, family photo albums, custom widget tiles, headline news, stock prices, social network feeds, daily coupons, favorite sports scores, clocks, weather information or traffic conditions or any other suitable information or any combination of appropriate information. , custom content can be displayed. As a non-limiting example, while preparing for work in the morning, a television or smart phone (in semi-static mode) may display time, weather or traffic conditions related to a person's commuting. In a specific embodiment, the display device 100 may include a touch sensor, and the display 110 may display (in semi-static mode) a bookshelf or a whiteboard with which the user may interact via the touch sensor. . In certain embodiments, the user may select a particular mode of operation for the display 110 , or the display 110 may automatically switch between dynamic and semi-static modes. When the display device 100 becomes inactive, the display 110 may automatically switch to operate in a low-power, semi-static mode. In certain embodiments, when operating in a semi-static mode, the display 110 may be reflective and may act as a mirror. As a non-limiting example, one or more surfaces or layers of the display 110 may include a reflector or reflective coated side, and when the display 110 is in a semi-static mode, the display 110 may act as a mirror. can

In certain embodiments, display 110 may include a combination of two or more types of displays with one display positioned behind the other and positioned substantially parallel to each other. Display 110 may include an LCD located behind a PDLC display, an OLED display located behind an electrowetting display, an LCD located behind an electrowetting display, or an LCD behind an SmA display. In certain embodiments, display 110 may include two different types of displays, and display 110 may be referred to as a dual-mode display or a dual display. In certain embodiments, the dual mode display 110 may include a dynamic (or luminescent) display and a semi-static (or non-luminous) display. For example, and not by way of limitation, the display 110 may display a light emitting mode and a high frame rate (eg, 24, 25, 30, 60, 120 or 240 FPS, or 24 FPS, or a dynamic color display configured to display video at any other suitable frame rate). In addition, the display 110 may be configured to display information in black and white or color in a low power non-emission mode at a relatively low frame rate or update rate (eg, 0.1, 1, or 10 FPS), as shown in FIG. 2 . It may include a static display. For such an exemplary dual-mode display 110 , the dynamic display may be positioned in front or behind the semi-static display. By way of example, and not limitation, a dynamic display may be positioned behind a semi-static display, and when the dynamic display is active, the semi-static display may be configured to be substantially transparent such that the dynamic display may be viewed. Also, when display 110 is operating in a semi-static mode, the semi-static display may display information (eg, text or images) and the dynamic display may be inactive or powered off. In certain embodiments, the dynamic display may appear white, reflective, dark or black (eg, optically absorbing), or substantially transparent when the dynamic display is inactive or powered off. In certain embodiments, an inactive or powered off display may refer to a display that receives little or no power (eg, from a display controller), and in an inactive or powered off state, the display consumes no power or or consumes little (eg, less than 10 μW, for example). In certain embodiments, a dynamic display may be referred to as an emissive display, and a semi-static display may be referred to as a non-emissive display. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates specific combinations of specific display types, this disclosure contemplates any suitable combination of any suitable display types.

In certain embodiments, the dual mode display 110 may include a single type of display having two or more modes of operation (eg, a dynamic display mode and a low power, semi-static display mode). By way of example and not limitation, display 110 may include an LCD that operates as a light-emitting display that modulates light from a backlight or frontlight in a dynamic mode of operation. In a semi-static mode of operation, the display 110 uses ambient light (eg, room light or sunlight) to provide illumination for the LCD (with the backlight or front light turned off) a low power non-emissive display. can operate as

3 and 4 show an example display device 100 having a display 110 having different areas configured to operate in different display modes. 3 and 4, the dual mode display 110 may operate in a hybrid display mode, wherein the display 110 includes multiple parts, zones or regions, and the display 110 ) is configured to operate in dynamic or semi-static mode. In certain embodiments, one or more dynamic portions 120 of display 110 are in a dynamic mode (eg, display an image or video using display device 100 or light generated by display 110 ). Operation, the display 130 of the one or more semi-static partial displays 110 may be configured to operate in a semi-static mode (eg, display text or images in a non-emissive mode at a low update rate). The dynamic portion 120 of the display 110 may display images or video in high resolution or vivid or bright colors, and the semi-static portion 130 of the display 110 is black and white, with a relatively low update rate (e.g., For example, information may be displayed as text, game board, or clock, which may be updated about once per second or once per minute. The semi-static portions 130 may be illuminated using an external light source, such as ambient room light, for example. In certain embodiments, the dual-mode display 110 may include a dynamic display for displaying the dynamic portion 120 and a semi-static display for displaying the semi-static portion 130 . The semi-static display and portions of the semi-static display positioned directly in front of the dynamic portions 120 may be configured to be substantially transparent such that the dynamic portions 120 may be viewed through the portions of the semi-static display. Also, regions of the dynamic display located outside the dynamic portion 120 may be inactive or turned off. As another example, and not by way of limitation, the semi-static display may be positioned behind the dynamic display, and the portion of the dynamic display positioned immediately in front of the semi-static portion 130 is configured to be substantially transparent such that the semi-static portion ( 130) can be viewed through these portions of the dynamic display.

In the example of FIG. 3 , the display device 100 operates as an e-book reader showing some of the text and images from the book Moby Dick. The display 110 has a dynamic portion 120 that shows an image that can be displayed in vivid or bright colored light-emitting modes, and the display 110 can be displayed in black and white and non-emissive modes (eg, illuminated with ambient light). It has a semi-static portion 130 that shows the text. In certain embodiments, areas of the dynamic display outside of dynamic portion 120 may be inactive or turned off (eg, pixels or backlights located outside dynamic portion 120 may be turned off). In the example of FIG. 4 , the display device 100 operates as a chess game that can be played remotely by two players. Display 110 has a dynamic portion 120 showing live video of the other player, which allows the two players to interact during a chess match. Display 110 also has two semi-static portions 130 showing the chess board, timer and game controls. In certain embodiments, the display 110 may be reconfigurable such that the dynamic portion 120 and the semi-static portion 130 may be moved or resized depending on the application running on the display device 100 . As a non-limiting example, the display device 100 shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 may be the same device configured to operate as an e-reader ( FIG. 3 ) and a remote game player ( FIG. 4 ). In certain embodiments, display 110 may have any suitable number of dynamic portions 120 and any suitable number of semi-static portions 130 , each of dynamic portion 120 and semi-static portion 130 may have any suitable size and any suitable shape. By way of example, and not limitation, dynamic portion 120 or semi-static portion 130 may cover about 1/16, 1/8, 1/4, 1/2, or all of display 110 . and may have a rectangular, rectangular, or circular shape. By way of example and not limitation, dynamic portion 120 or semi-static portion 130 may include 1, 2, 10, 100, or any suitable number of pixels. While this disclosure describes and exemplifies specific displays that operate in specific display modes and have a specific number of regions having a specific size and shape, the disclosure operates in any suitable display mode and operates in any suitable display mode and has any suitable size and shape. Any suitable display having an appropriate number of areas is contemplated.

5 and 6 show exploded views of a portion of an example display 100 . In certain embodiments, the display 110 may include a front display 150 and a rear display 140 , with the rear display 140 located behind the front display 150 . By way of example, and not limitation, the front display 150 may be an electrowetting display, and the rear display 140 may be an OLED display located directly behind the front display 150 . Front display 150 or rear display 140 may each be referred to as layers, and each layer of display 110 may include one or more displays. By way of example, and not limitation, a first layer of display 110 may include, or may be referred to as, front display 150 , front display 150 , wherein a second layer of display 110 is a rear display 140 , or may be referred to as rear display 140 . In certain embodiments, display 110 may include other surfaces, layers, or devices not shown in FIGS. 5 and 5 , other surfaces, layers, or devices being between displays 140 and 150 , rear display 140 . ) may be disposed in the rear or in front of the front display 150 . As another example, and not limitation, display 110 may include a protective cover, an anti-glare layer (eg, a layer having a polarizer or an anti-reflective coating), or a touch sensor layer positioned in front of the front display 150 . can As another example, but not limited thereto, the display 110 may include a backlight positioned behind the rear display 140 or a front light positioned between the displays 140 and 150 .

In certain embodiments, the display 110 of the display device 100 may have an associated viewing cone, eg, an angular area or solid angle through which the display 110 may reasonably be viewed. In certain embodiments, the relative positions of surfaces, layers, or devices of display 110 may be referenced with respect to a viewer viewing display 100 within an associated viewing cone. In the example of FIG. 5 , a person viewing display 110 from point 164 may be referred to within a viewing cone as viewing display 110 and viewing display 110 from in front of display 110 . can be referred to as With respect to point 164 of FIG. 5 , front display 150 is disposed or positioned in front of rear display 140 , likewise rear display 140 is positioned or positioned behind front display 150 .

In certain embodiments, display 110 forms a sandwich-like structure including displays 140 and 150 (and any additional surfaces, layers, or devices that are part of display 110 ) joined together in a layered manner. can do. By way of example, and not limitation, displays 140 and 150 may overlap each other with a small air gap between opposing surfaces (eg, the front side of the display 140 and the back side of the display 150 ); , can be glued or bonded. In certain embodiments, displays 140 and 150 may be bonded together with a substantially clear adhesive, such as, for example, an optically clear adhesive. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates specific displays having specific layers and specific structures, this disclosure contemplates any suitable display having any suitable layers and any suitable structure. Also, while this disclosure describes specific examples of rear displays behind a front display, this disclosure contemplates any suitable number of displays disposed behind any suitable number of other displays. For example, this disclosure contemplates any suitable number of displays positioned between displays 140 and 150 of FIG. 1 . It should be understood that these displays may have any suitable characteristics of the displays described herein. Thus, for example, the device may include three displays: a front display, an intermediate display behind the front display, and a rear display behind the intermediate display. A portion of the intermediate display is viewable through the front display when the corresponding portion of the front display is transparent, and a portion of the rear display is viewable through the intermediate and front displays when the intermediate display and the corresponding portion of the front display are transparent.

In certain embodiments, front display 150 and rear display 140 may each include a plurality of pixels 160 arranged in a regular or repeating pattern across the surface of display 140 or 150 . This disclosure contemplates any suitable type of pixel 160, such as, for example, an emissive pixel (eg, an LCD or OLED pixel) or a non-emissive pixel (eg, an electrophoretic or electrowetting pixel). . In addition, pixels 160 may have any suitable size (eg, a width or height of 25 μm, 50 μm, 100 μm, 200 μm, or 500 μm) and any suitable shape (eg, square, rectangular, or circular). can have In a particular embodiment, each pixel 160 may be configured in a display 140 or 150 such that the state of the pixel 160 may be set (eg, by a display controller) independently of the state of the other pixels 160 . They may be individually addressable or controllable elements. In embodiments, the addressing capability of each pixel 160 may be provided by one or more control lines from each pixel 160 coupled to a display controller. In certain embodiments, each pixel 160 may have its own dedicated control line, or each pixel 160 may share one or more control lines with other pixels 160 . By way of example, and not limitation, each pixel 160 may have one or more electrodes or electrical contacts coupled to a display controller, wherein one or more corresponding voltages or currents provided by the display controller to the pixel 160 are applied to the pixel. The state of (160) can be set. In certain embodiments, pixel 160 is a black-and-white pixel that can be set to various states: black, white, partially transparent, transparent, reflective, or opaque. By way of example and not limitation, one control signal can be used to address a black-and-white pixel (e.g. when 0V is applied to the pixel control line the pixel turns off or goes black, when 5V is applied , the pixels become white or transparent). In certain embodiments, pixel 160 may be a color pixel that may include three or more sub-pixels (eg, red, green, and blue sub-pixels) and pixel 160 is black, white, partially transparent. , transparent, reflective, or opaque, as well as various color states (eg, red, yellow, orange, etc.). By way of example and not limitation, a color pixel may have an associated control line that provides a control signal to each of the corresponding sub-pixels of the color pixel.

In certain embodiments, the display controller may be configured to individually or individually address each pixel 160 of the front display 150 and the rear display 140 . By way of example, and not limitation, the display controller may configure one or more corresponding pixels 160 of the front display 150 to an active or luminescent state, and one or more corresponding pixels 160 of the rear display 140 . ) can be configured as off or inactive. In certain embodiments, pixels 160 may be arranged along rows and columns, and an active-matrix scheme may be used to provide a drive signal to each pixel 160 (or a sub-pixel of each pixel 160 ). . In an active-matrix scheme, each pixel 160 (or each sub-pixel) has an associated capacitor and transistor deposited on the substrate of the display, where the capacitor carries a charge (eg, during one screen refresh cycle). and the transistor supplies current to the pixel. To activate a particular pixel 160, the appropriate row control line is turned on while a drive signal is transmitted along the corresponding column control line. In another particular embodiment, a passive matrix may be used to address pixels 160 , which includes a grid of rows and columns of conductive metal configured to selectively activate each pixel. To turn on a particular pixel 160, a particular column is activated (eg, charge is transferred to that column), and a particular row is connected to ground. A particular row and column intersects at the designated pixel 160 , and the pixel 160 is activated. While this disclosure describes and illustrates particular pixels that are addressed in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates any suitable pixel addressed in any suitable manner.

In certain embodiments, front display 150 or rear display 140 may be a color display or a black and white display, respectively, and front display 150 or rear display 140 may be an emissive or non-emissive display, respectively . By way of example and not limitation, the front display 150 may be a non-emissive black-and-white display, and the rear display 140 may be a light-emitting color display. In certain embodiments, the color display may use additive or subtractive color techniques to generate a color image or text, and the color display may use any suitable color, such as, for example, red/green/blue or cyan/magenta/yellow/black. Colors can be created based on the color system. In certain embodiments, each pixel of the emissive color display may have three or more sub-pixels, each sub-pixel configured to emit a particular color (eg, red, green, or blue). In certain embodiments, each pixel of a non-emissive color display may have three or more sub-pixels, each sub-pixel configured to absorb, reflect, or scatter a particular color (eg, red, green, or blue). .

In certain embodiments, the size or dimension of the pixel 160 of the front display 150 may be an integer multiple of the corresponding size or dimension of the pixel 160 of the rear display 140 , or vice versa. By way of example, and not limitation, pixel 160 of front display 150 may be the same size as pixel 160 of rear display 140 , or pixel 160 of front display 150 may be the same size as pixel 160 of rear display 140 . may be two, three, or any suitable integer multiple of (140) pixels (160). As another example, and not by way of limitation, the pixels 160 of the rear display 140 may be two, three, or any suitable integer multiple of the pixels 160 of the front display 150 . In the example of FIG. 5 , pixel 160 of front display 150 is approximately the same size as pixel 160 of rear display 140 . In the example of FIG. 6 , the pixel 160 of the rear display 140 is about four times the size (eg, four times the area) of the pixel 160 of the front display 150 . While this disclosure describes and illustrates specific pixels having a specific size, any suitable pixel having a suitable size is contemplated.

In certain embodiments, front display 150 and rear display 140 may be substantially aligned with respect to each other. The front display 150 and the rear display 140 are coupled together to form the display 110 such that one or more pixels 160 of the front display 150 overlap or overlap one or more pixels 160 of the rear display 140 . can be formed 5 and 6 , the pixels 160 of the front display 150 are positioned on the rear display 140 such that a portion of the boundary of the rear display pixel 160 is located directly below a corresponding portion of the boundary of the front display pixel 160 . ) is aligned with respect to the pixel 160 of As shown in FIG. 5 , the pixels 160 of the front display 150 and the rear display 140 have approximately the same size and shape, and as shown by four dotted lines, the pixels 160 are Each pixel 160 of 150 is disposed directly over a corresponding pixel of rear display 140 and overlaps such that its borders are substantially aligned. As shown in FIG. 6 , the front display 150 and the rear display 140 have each pixel 160 of the rear display 140 directly below the four corresponding pixels 160 of the front display 150 . positioned so that the rim of the back-display pixel 160 is positioned just below the rim of the front-display pixel 160 . While this disclosure describes and illustrates particular displays having particular pixels aligned in a particular manner, it contemplates any suitable display having any suitable pixels arranged in any suitable manner.

In certain embodiments, front display 150 includes one or more portions, each portion may include an area or portion of front display 150 that includes one or more front-display pixels 160 . By way of example, and not limitation, the front-display portion includes a single pixel 160 or a group of multiple adjacent pixels (eg, 2, 4, 10, 100, 1000, or any suitable number of pixels 160 ). can do. As another non-limiting example, the front-display portion may occupy an area of the front display 150 , such as about 1/10, 1/4, 1/2, or substantially all of the front display. In certain embodiments, the front display portion may be referred to as a multi-mode portion, and may include one or more front display pixels each configured to operate in multi-mode. By way of example and not limitation, a multi-mode portion of front display 150 may have one or more front-display pixels operating in a first mode in which the pixels emit, modulate, absorb or reflect visible light. Additionally, the multi-mode portion may have one or more front-display pixels operating in a second mode in which one or more front-display pixels are substantially transparent to visible light. In certain embodiments, rear display 140 may include one or more rear-display portions positioned behind at least one multi-mode portion, each rear display portion configured to emit, modulate, absorb or reflect visible light. Consists of pixels. By way of example and not limitation, as shown in FIG. 5 , a pixel 160 of the front display 150 may be configured to be substantially transparent, and a corresponding rear display pixel 160 (directly directly from the front display pixel 160 ). (located behind) may be configured to emit visible light. As another example, and not by way of limitation, as shown in FIG. 5 , a pixel 160 of the front display 150 may be configured to absorb or reflect incident visible light (eg, the pixel 160 may be may consist of a semi-static portion 130), and the pixel 160 of the rear display 140 may be inactive or turned off. 6 , the pixels 160 of the rear display 140 may be configured to emit, modulate, absorb, or reflect visible light, and the four overlapping pixels 160 of the front display 150 are substantially may be configured to be transparent. In the example of FIG. 3 , the display 110 may include an emissive subang display (eg, an LCD) and a non-emissive front display (eg, an electrowetting display). In portion 120 of FIG. 3 , pixels of the rear display may be configured to emit the image shown in FIG. 3 , and pixels of a corresponding multi-mode front-display portion may be configured to be substantially transparent. In portion 130 of FIG. 3 , pixels of the front display may be configured to display the depicted text, and pixels of the corresponding rear display portion may be configured to be inactive or turned off.

7 and 8 show an exploded view (left) of the exemplary display 110 and a front view (right) of the exemplary display device 100 having the exemplary display 110 . 7 and 8 , an exploded view shows the various layers or devices that make up an exemplary display 110 , and a front view shows how the display 110 may appear when viewed from the front of the display device 100 . show whether In certain embodiments, the display 110 may include a front display 150 , a rear display 140 (located behind the front display 150 ), and a backlight 170 (located behind the rear display 140 ). have. 7 and 8 , the front display 150 is a semi-static display and the rear display 140 is an LCD configured to operate as a dynamic display. In FIG. 7 , the display 110 operates in a dynamic mode, and in FIG. 8 , the display 110 operates in a semi-static mode. In FIG. 7 , LCD 140 shows an image of a tropical scene, and backlight 170 acts as an illumination source providing light that is selectively modulated by LCD 140 .

In certain embodiments, the LCD may include a layer of liquid crystal molecules positioned between two optical polarizers. By way of example and not limitation, an LCD pixel may use a twisted nematic effect, wherein a twisted nematic cell is positioned between two linear polarizers whose polarization axes are disposed at right angles to each other. Based on the applied electric field, the liquid crystal molecules in the LCD pixel change the polarization of the light propagating through the pixel, causing the light to be blocked, passed, or partially passed by one of the polarizers. In certain embodiments, LCD pixels may be arranged in a matrix (eg, rows and columns), and individual pixels may be addressed using a passive-matrix or active-matrix approach. In certain embodiments, each LCD pixel may include three or more sub-pixels, each sub-pixel being a specific color component (eg, red, green, or blue) by selectively modulating the color component of a white light illumination source. is configured to create By way of example and not limitation, white light from a backlight may illuminate the LCD, wherein each sub-pixel of the LCD pixel passes a specific color (eg, red, green, or blue) and removes or filters other color components. Filters may be included (eg, a red filter may transmit red and remove green and blue components). Each sub-pixel of an LCD pixel may selectively modulate an associated color component, and the LCD pixel may A specific color can be emitted. Modulation of light by an LCD pixel may refer to an LCD pixel that filters or removes a specific amount of a specific color component from an incident illumination source. As an example, an LCD pixel may appear white when each sub-pixel (eg, red, green, and blue sub-pixels) is configured to transmit substantially all of the incident light of the respective color component, and the LCD pixel Practically all color components can appear black when filtering or blocking them. As another example, but not limitation, an LCD pixel may appear in a particular color when it removes or filters other color components from an illumination source, and passes the pixel through with little or no attenuation of certain color components. An LCD pixel may appear blue when the blue sub-pixels are configured to transmit substantially all blue light and the red and green sub-pixels to block substantially all light. While this disclosure describes and describes a particular liquid crystal display configured to operate in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates any suitable liquid crystal display configured to operate in any suitable manner.

In certain embodiments, incident light may refer to light from one or more light sources that strikes or interacts with a surface, such as, for example, the surface of a display or pixel. By way of example and not limitation, incident light incident on a pixel may partially transmit through the pixel or be partially reflected or scattered from the pixel. In certain embodiments, the incident light may strike the surface at an angle approximately perpendicular to the surface, or the incident light may strike the surface within an angular range (eg, within 45 degrees to the surface's normal). The source of incident light may include an external light source (eg, ambient light) or an internal light source (eg, light from a backlight or front light).

In certain embodiments, the backlight 170 may be a substantially opaque, non-transparent, illumination layer located over the LCD 140 . In certain embodiments, the backlight 170 may use one or more LEDs or fluorescent lamps to generate illumination of the LCD 140 . Such an illumination source may be located directly behind the LCD 140 or on a side or corner of the backlight 170 and directed to the LCD 140 by one or more light guides, diffusers, or reflectors. In other specific embodiments, the display 110 may include a front light (not shown in FIGS. 7 or 8 ) in place of or in addition to the backlight 170 . By way of example and not limitation, a front light may be disposed between the front displays 140 , 150 or in front of the display 150 , and may provide illumination to the LCD 140 . In certain embodiments, the frontlight may include a substantially transparent layer that allows light to pass therethrough. In addition, the frontlight may include one or more corner-located illumination sources (eg, LEDs), which may provide light to the LCD 140 through reflections from one or more surfaces within the frontlight. . While this disclosure describes and illustrates specific frontlights and backlights having specific configurations, this disclosure contemplates any suitable frontlights and backlights having any suitable configuration.

7 shows a display 110 operating in a dynamic mode and displaying an image, which may be part of a digital picture or video, and may be displayed in vivid color using a backlight 170 as an illumination source. When display 110 operates in a dynamic mode, semi-static display 150 is configured to be substantially transparent such that light from backlight 170 and LCD 140 passes through semi-static display 150 to the LCD. Allow the image from 140 to be viewed. In certain embodiments, the substantially transparent display 140 or 150 transmits at least 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the incident visible light, or transmits any suitable proportion of the incident light. refers to the display 140 or 150 . By way of example and not limitation, when operating in transparent mode, semi-static display 150 may transmit about 90% of visible light from LCD 140 to the viewing cone of display 110 . FIG. 8 shows the example display 110 of FIG. 7 , wherein the semi-static display 150 operates in a semi-static mode showing time, date and weather. In certain embodiments, when display 110 is operated in a semi-static mode, LCD 140 and backlight 170 may be inactive or turned off, and LCD 140 or backlight 170 may be substantially transparent. or substantially black (eg, optically absorbing), substantially white (eg, optically reflected or scattered). By way of example and not limitation, when in the off state, LCD 140 may be substantially transparent and backlight 170 may appear substantially black. As another example, and not by way of limitation, when the backlight 170 and the LCD are turned off, the LCD 140 may apply a partially reflective coating that makes the LCD 140 appear reflective or white (eg, on the front or back surface). e) can have

In a particular embodiment, the semi-static display 150 shown in Figs. 7 and 8 may be an LC SmA display, and the dual mode display 110 shown in Figs. 7 and 8 is the LCD 140 and (backlit ( 170) and a combination of LC SmA displays 150). As described in more detail below, SmA display 150 may have pixels 160 configured to appear substantially transparent or appear substantially white or black (eg, no applied voltage). An SmA pixel may maintain a state (positive stability) without applying an electric field, or an electric field may be required to maintain the state. Application of an electric field may change from a substantially transparent state to a substantially white or black color. As shown in FIG. 7 , when display 110 is operated in dynamic mode, pixels of SmA display 150 are configured to appear substantially transparent so that LCD 140 can be viewed. In a particular embodiment, as shown in FIG. 8 , when the display 110 operates in a semi-static mode, the pixels of the SMA display 150 are individually addressed (eg, by a display controller), The state of a transparent or white display pixel can be changed (if necessary) or maintained. The pixels forming the text and sun/cloud images displayed by the SmA display 150 of FIG. 8 may be configured to be substantially transparent. These transparent pixels represent the black or optically absorbing surface of the LCD 140 or backlight 170 and thus may appear dark or black. Other pixels of the SmA display 150 may be configured to be off to form a substantially white background. In another particular embodiment, when the display 110 operates in a semi-static mode, the pixels of the SmA display 150 are addressed such that each pixel appears transparent or black. The pixels forming the white background pixels of the SMA display 150 are turned on and configured to be substantially transparent, while the pixels forming the text and sun/cloud images are substantially black (or absorb light). can be The LCD 140 or backlight 170 is configured to reflect or scatter incident light so that the corresponding transparent pixel of the SmA display 150 appears white.

In a particular embodiment, the semi-static display 150 shown in FIGS. 7 and 8 may be a PDLC display, and the dual mode display 110 shown in FIGS. 7 and 8 is an LCD 140 (backlit 170 ). )) and the PDLC display 150 . 7 and 8 , the LCD 140 may be located behind the PDLC display 150 . As described in more detail below, the PDLC display 150 is configured to appear substantially transparent when a voltage is applied to the pixel 160 , and in an off state (eg, no voltage applied) is substantially white or It may have pixels 160 configured to appear black. In FIG. 7 where display 110 operates in a dynamic mode, the pixels of PDLC display 150 are configured to appear substantially transparent so that LCD 140 can be seen. In a particular embodiment, as shown in FIG. 8 , when display 110 is operating in anti-red mode, pixels of PDLC display 150 are arranged such that each pixel appears transparent or white (e.g., can be individually addressed) by the display controller. The pixels forming the text and sun/cloud images displayed by the PDLC display 150 of FIG. 1 may be configured to be substantially transparent. These transparent pixels represent the black or optically absorptive surface of the LCD 140 or backlight 170 and thus may appear dark or black. Other pixels of the PDLC display 150 may be configured to be off to form a substantially white background. In another particular embodiment, when the display 110 operates in a semi-static mode, the pixels of the PDLC display 150 are addressed such that each pixel appears transparent or black. The pixels forming the text and sun/cloud images may be configured to be substantially black (or optically absorbing), whereas the pixels forming the white background pixels of the PDLC display 150 may be configured to be on and thus substantially Transparent. LCD 140 or backlight 170 may be configured to reflect or scatter incident light such that the corresponding transparent pixel of PDLC display 150 appears white.

In a particular embodiment, the semi-static display 150 shown in FIGS. 7 and 8 may be an electrochromic display, and the dual mode display 110 shown in FIGS. 7 and 8 may be an electrochromic display (with a backlight 170 ). ) may be a combination of the LCD 140 and the electrochromic display 150 . 7 and 8 , the LCD 140 may be positioned behind the electrochromic display 150 . As described in more detail below, the electrochromic display 150 may have pixels 160 configured to appear substantially transparent or substantially blue, silver, black or white, wherein the electrochromic display 150 pixels include It can be changed (for example, from transparent to white) by applying a burst charge to the pixel's electrodes. In FIG. 7 , where display 110 operates in a dynamic mode, pixels of electrochromic display 150 are configured to appear substantially transparent so that LCD 140 can be viewed. In FIG. 8 , where display 110 operates in a semi-static mode, the pixels of electrochromic display 150 are individually addressed (eg, by a display controller) such that each pixel appears transparent or white. The pixels forming the text and sun/cloud image displayed by the electrochromic display 150 of FIG. 1 may be configured to be substantially transparent. These transparent pixels may appear dark or black because the LCD 140 or backlight 170 represents a black or optically absorbing surface. Other pixels of the electrochromic display 150 may be configured to appear substantially white.

In a particular embodiment, the semi-static display 150 shown in Figs. 7 and 8 may be an electro-dispersive display, and the dual mode display 110 shown in Figs. 7 and 8 is (with a backlight 170) ) may include a combination of an LCD 140 and an electrically distributed display 150 . 7 and 8 , the LDC 140 may be located behind the electrically distributed display 150 . As described in more detail below, pixels 160 of electrically dispersive display 150 may appear substantially transparent, opaque, black or white based on color, motion, or color. The movement or position of the small particles contained within the pixel 160 of the electrically distributed display 150 may be controlled by a voltage applied to one or more electrodes of the pixel. In FIG. 7 , where display 110 operates in a dynamic mode, the pixels of electrically distributed display 150 are configured to appear substantially transparent so that LCD 140 can be viewed. In a particular embodiment, as shown in FIG. 8 , when display 110 is operating in a semi-static mode, the pixels of the electrically distributed display 150 are arranged such that each pixel appears transparent or white (eg, , can be addressed individually) by the display controller. The pixels forming the text and sun/cloud images displayed by the electrically distributed display 150 of FIG. 8 may be configured to be substantially transparent. These transparent pixels may appear dark or black as they represent a black or optically absorbing surface by LCD 140 or backlight 170 . Other pixels of the electrically dispersed display 150 may be configured to appear substantially opaque or white. (For example, small particles contained within a pixel may be white or reflective, and these particles cause the pixel to appear white. can be placed in a way). In another particular embodiment, when the display 110 is operated in a semi-static mode, the pixels forming the text and sun/cloud image displayed by the electrically distributed display 150 of FIG. 8 are substantially dark or It may consist of black color. (For example, small particles contained within a pixel may be black, and the pixel may be arranged to appear black) Further, other pixels of the electrically dispersed display 150 may be configured to be substantially transparent, such The transparent pixel may appear white because the surface of the LCD 140 or the backlight 170 represents a white or reflective surface. In certain embodiments, LCD 140 or backlight may have a reflective or partially reflective front coating, or LCD 140 or backlight 170 may be configured to appear white when inactive or turned off.

In a particular embodiment, the semi-static display 150 shown in FIGS. 7 and 8 may be an electrowetting display, and the dual mode display 110 shown in FIGS. 7 and 8 is an LCD 140 (backlit ( 170 ) and an electrowetting display 150 . 7 and 8 , the LDC 140 may be positioned behind the electrowetting display 150 . As described in more detail below, the electrowetting display 150 will have pixels 160 each comprising an electrowetting fluid that can be controlled to make the pixels 160 appear substantially transparent, opaque, black, white. can Based on one or more voltages applied to the electrodes of the electrowetting pixel, the electrowetting fluid contained within the pixel may be moved to change the appearance of the pixel. In FIG. 7 with display 110 operating in a dynamic mode, the pixels of electrowetting display 150 allow light from LCD 140 to pass through electrowetting display 150 and be visible in front of display device 100 . It is configured to be substantially transparent so as to be visible. As shown in Figure 8, when display 110 is operating in a semi-static mode, the pixels of electrowetting display 150 are set (e.g., by a display controller) such that each pixel appears transparent or white. can be individually addressed. The pixels forming the text and sun/cloud images displayed by the electrowetting display 150 of FIG. 8 may be configured to be substantially transparent. These transparent pixels may appear dark or black as they represent a black or optically absorbing surface of the LCD 140 or backlight 170 . Other pixels of the electrowetting display 150 may be configured to appear substantially opaque or white (eg, the electrowetting fluid is white and the pixels may be positioned to appear white). In another particular embodiment, when the display 110 is operated in a semi-static mode, the text and pixels forming the sun/cloud image displayed by the electrowetting display 150 of FIG. 8 are substantially dark or black. may be constructed (eg, the electrowetting fluid may be black or have optically absorptive properties). Also, other pixels of the electrowetting display 150 may be configured to be substantially transparent, and such transparent pixels may appear white as the surface of the LCD 140 or backlight 170 represents a white or reflective surface.

9 and 10 show an exploded view (left) of another exemplary display 100 and a front view (right) of the exemplary display device 110, respectively. In a particular embodiment, the display 110 includes a front display 150 (which may be a semi-static or non-luminescent display) and a rear display 140 (which may be a light emitting display such as an LED, OLED, QD display). may include. In the example of FIG. 8 , the display 110 operates in a dynamic mode and shows an image of a tropical scene, and in FIG. 10 , the display 110 operates in a semi-reverse mode. 9 and 10 , the rear display 140 may be an OLED display in which each pixel includes one or more organic compound films that emit light in response to an electric current. By way of example, and not limitation, each OLED pixel may include three or more sub-pixels, each sub-pixel configured to emit a specific color component when an electric current is passed through it (eg, red, green, or blue). The compound contains through sub-pixels. When the red, green, and blue sub-pixels of an OLED pixel are each turned on by the same amount, the pixel may appear white. When one or more sub-pixels of an OLED pixel are each turned on with a specific amount of current, the pixel may appear in a specific color (eg, red, green, yellow, orange, etc.). Although this disclosure describes and shows a particular OLED display configured to operate in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates any suitable OLED display configured to operate in any suitable manner.

9 is a diagram illustrating a picture in which display 110 operating in dynamic mode with OLED display 140 may be a digital picture or part of a video. When display 110 is operating in dynamic mode, semi-red display 150 is configured to be substantially transparent so that light from OLED display 140 can pass through semi-red display 150 such that the OLED display ( 140) can be viewed. FIG. 10 shows the example display 110 of FIG. 9 operating in a semi-static mode and having a semi-static display 150 showing time, date and weather. In certain embodiments, when display 100 is operated in a semi-static mode, OLED display 140 is substantially transparent or substantially black (eg, optically absorbing) or substantially white (eg, optically reflected or scattered). By way of example and not limitation, when turned off, the OLED display 140 may absorb most of the light incident on its front surface, and the OLED display 140 may appear dark or black. As another example and not by way of limitation, when turned off, OLED display 140 may reflect or scatter most of the incident light, and OLED display 140 may appear reflective or white.

9 and 10 , the front display 150 may be, for example, a PDLC display, an electrochromic display, an electro-dispersive display, any phase (nematic (eg, nematic, TN, STN, SmA, etc.), or any suitable non-emissive (or semi-static) display, such as an electrowetting display, with reference to Figures 9 and 10, front display 150 is a PDLC display; It may be an electrochromic display, an electrodispersive display, or an electrowetting display, wherein the pixels of the front display 150 are activated when the OLED 140 is operated such that the light emitted by the OLED display 140 passes through the front display 150 . 10 , in a particular embodiment, when the display 110 operates in a semi-static mode, the front display 150 (PDLC display, electrochromic display, electro-dissipation) The pixels of the display, an LCD in any phase state (nematic, TN, STN, SmA, etc.) can be individually addressed so that each pixel appears transparent or white. The pixels forming the text and sun/cloud image are configured to be substantially transparent.These transparent pixels may appear dark or black by presenting a black or optically absorptive surface on the OLED display 140. Front display ( The other pixels 150 may be configured to appear substantially opaque or white, forming a white background as shown in Figure 10. In another particular embodiment, the display 110 may operate in a semi-static mode. When the front display 150 (PDLC display, electrochromic display, electrodispersive display, LCD in any phase state (nematic, TN, STN, SmA, etc.)) can be processed so that each pixel appears transparent or black. There are text and sun/cloud images to form. The pixels forming the white background pixels of the front display 150 may be configured to be substantially transparent, while the pixels may be configured to be substantially black (or optically absorbing). The OLED display 140 may be configured to reflect or scatter incident light such that the corresponding transparent pixel of the front display 150 appears white.

11 and 12 show an exploded view (left) of another exemplary display 110 and a front view of the display device 100 having the exemplary display 110 (right). 11 and 12 , the rear display 140 is an electrophoretic display. In certain embodiments, each pixel of the electrophoretic display 140 may comprise a volume filled with a liquid suspended in white and black particles or capsules. The white and black particles may be electrically controllable, and by moving the particles within the volume of the pixel, the pixel may be configured to appear white or black. As used herein, a white object (eg, particle or pixel) may refer to an object that substantially reflects or scatters incident light or appears white, and a black object may refer to an object that substantially absorbs incident light or appears dark have. In certain embodiments, electrophoretic particles of the two colors may have different affinities for positive or negative charges, respectively. By way of example and not limitation, white particles may be attracted to the positive or positive side of an electric field, while black particles may be attracted to a negative charge or negative side of the electric field. By applying an electric field perpendicular to the viewing plane of an electrophoretic pixel, particles of one color can be moved to the front of the pixel while the other color is hidden from view from behind. By way of example, and not limitation, a +5 V signal applied to an electrophoretic pixel can attract white particles to the front, making the pixel appear white. Similarly, a -5 V signal can attract black particles towards the front surface of the pixel, making the pixel appear black.

11 and 12 , the front display 150 is a transparent OLED display. In certain embodiments, the transparent OLED display may also be a substantially transparent light emitting display. In certain embodiments, a transparent OLED display may refer to an OLED display comprising substantially transparent elements. By way of example and not limitation, the cathode electrode of the transparent OLED pixel may be made of a semitransparent metal such as, for example, a magnesium-silver alloy, and the anode electrode may be indium tin oxide (ITO). As another non-limiting example, a transparent OLED pixel may include a transparent thin film transistor (TFT) that may be fabricated with a thin layer of zinc-tin-oxide. 11 shows a display 110 operating in a dynamic (or luminescent) mode with a transparent OLED display 150 showing a portion of an image or video. When the display 110 operates in a dynamic mode, the electrophoretic display 140 may be configured to be substantially dark to provide a black background to the transparent OLED display 150 and enhance the contrast of the display 110 . 12 shows display 110 operating in a semi-static mode. The pixels of the electrophoretic display 140 are configured to appear white or black to produce the text and images shown in FIG. 4 , while the transparent OLED display 150 is de-energized and substantially transparent.

13 and 14 each show an exploded view of another example display 110 . In the example shown in FIG. 13 , the display 110 operates in a dynamic mode and presents an image of a tropical scene, and in FIG. 14 , the display 110 operates in a semi-static mode. In certain embodiments, display 110 may include a front display 150 (which may be a semi-static or non-luminescent display) and a rear display 140 (which may be an LCD). 13 and 14, the front display 150 may be, for example, a PDLC display, an electrochromic display, an electrodispersive display, an LCD in any phase state (nematic, TN, STN, SmA, etc.) It may be a suitable non-luminescent (or semi-static) display. When display 110 is operated in a dynamic mode, semi-static display 150 is configured to be substantially transparent so that light from LCD 140 can pass through semi-static display 150 to LCD 140 . Images from can be shown.

In a particular embodiment, as shown in Figure 14, when the display 110 is operated in a semi-static mode, the front display 150 (this is a PDLC display, an electrochromic display, an electrodispersive display, The pixels of an LCD (which can be nematic, TN, STN, SmA, etc.) can be individually processed to make each pixel appear transparent or white. The pixels forming the text and sun/cloud images displayed by the front display 150 of FIG. 4 may be configured to be substantially transparent. These transparent pixels may appear dark or black by showing the black or optically absorbing surface of the LCD 140 . Other pixels of front display 150 may be configured to appear substantially opaque or white, forming the white background of FIG. 14 . In another specific embodiment, when the display 110 operates in a semi-static mode, the front display 150 (which is a PDLC display, an electrochromic display, an electrodispersive display, an LCD in any phase state (nematic, TN, STN, SmA, etc.) can be processed so that each pixel appears transparent or black. The pixels forming the text and sun/cloud images may be configured to be substantially black (or optically absorptive), while the pixels forming the white background pixels of the front display 150 may be configured to be substantially transparent. . LCD 140 or surface 180 may be configured to reflect or scatter incident light such that corresponding transparent pixels of front display 150 appear white.

In certain embodiments, the display 110 may include a back layer 180 located behind the LCD 140 , which may be a reflector or backlight. For example, but not by way of limitation, back layer 180 may be a reflective surface (eg, a surface having a reflective metal or dielectric coating) or an opaque surface configured to substantially scatter a majority of incident light to appear white. It may be a reflector. In a particular embodiment, the display 110 may include a semi-static display 150 , an LCD 140 , and a back layer 180 , wherein the back layer 180 transmits ambient light to the pixels of the LCD 140 . It is configured as a reflector that provides illumination to the LCD 140 by reflecting it. Light from reflector 180 may be directed to pixels of LCD 140 that modulate light from reflector 180 to produce an image or text. In certain embodiments, the display 110 may include a front light 190 configured to provide illumination for the LCD 140 , the front light 190 positioned on one or more corners of the front light 190 . and a substantially transparent layer having an illumination source. By way of example, and not limitation, display 110 includes LCD 140 , semi-static display 150 , reflector 180 and frontlight 190 , reflector 180 and frontlight 190 . ) together can provide illumination to the LCD 140 . Reflector 180 may provide illumination for LCD 140 by reflecting or scattering incident ambient light or light from frontlight 190 to pixels of LCD 140 . If there is sufficient ambient light available to illuminate the LCD 140 , the front light 190 may be turned off or operated at a reduced setting. If there is insufficient ambient light available to illuminate the LCD 140 (eg, in a dark room), the front light 190 is turned on to provide illumination, and the light from the front light 190 reflects the reflector 180 . may illuminate the pixels of the LCD 140 after reflection. In certain embodiments, the amount of light provided by the frontlight 190 may be adjusted higher or lower based on the amount of ambient light present (eg, the frontlight may provide increased illumination as ambient light decreases). have). In certain embodiments, a frontlight 190 may be used to provide illumination to the semi-static display 150 when there is not enough ambient light to be scattered or reflected by the semi-static display 150 . For example, but not by way of limitation, in a dark room, the front light 190 may be turned on to illuminate the semi-static display 150 .

13 and 14 , the back layer 180 may be a backlight configured to provide illumination to the LCD 180 . For example, but not by way of limitation, display 110 may include LCD 140 , semi-static display 150 , backlight 180 , and frontlight 190 . In certain embodiments, illumination for LCD 140 may be primarily provided by backlight 180 , and front light 190 may be turned off when LCD 140 is operating. When the display 110 operates in a semi-static mode, the backlight 180 may be turned off and the front light 190 may be turned off or on to provide illumination to the semi-static display 150 .

15 and 16 each show an exploded view of another example display 110 . In FIG. 15 , the display 110 operates in a dynamic mode and shows an image of a tropical scene, and in FIG. 16 , the display 110 operates in a semi-static mode. In certain embodiments, the display 110 may include a front display 150 (which may be a semi-static or non-emissive display) and a rear display 140 (which may be an LED, OLED, or QD display). . 15 and 16 , the front display 150 may be, for example, a PDLC display, an electrochromic display, an electrodispersive display, an electrowetting display, or an LCD in any phase state (eg, nema Tick, TN, STN, SmA, etc.) may be any suitable non-emissive (or semi-static) display. 15 and 16 , the rear display 140 may be an OLED display, and when the display 110 operates in a dynamic mode, the semi-static display 150 displays the light emitted by the OLED display 140 . It may be configured to be substantially transparent such that images from the OLED display 140 may be viewed through the semi-static display 150 .

In a particular embodiment, as shown in FIG. 16 , when the display 110 operates in a semi-static mode, the front display 150 (PDLC display, electrochromic display, electrodispersive display display, electrowetting display, any The pixels of the LCD (nematic, TN, STN, SmA, etc.) in their phase state can be individually addressed so that each pixel appears transparent or white, and the OLED display 140 is turned off to appear substantially black. have. In another particular embodiment, when the display 110 is operating in a semi-static mode, the pixels of the front display 150 may be addressed such that each pixel appears transparent or black, the OLED display 140 is turned off and substantially may be configured to appear in white. In a particular embodiment, as shown in FIGS. 15 and 16 , the display 110 may include an OLED display 140 , a semi-static display 150 , and a frontlight 190 . In the example of FIG. 16 , the display 110 has a frontlight 190 that provides illumination to the semi-static display 150 when there is not enough ambient light to be scattered or reflected by the semi-static display 150 . may include. When display 110 is operating in a semi-static mode, if there is sufficient ambient light available to illuminate semi-static display 150 , front light 190 may be turned off or operated at a reduced setting. If there is insufficient ambient light to use to illuminate the semi-static display 150 , the front light 190 may be turned on to provide illumination to the semi-static display 150 . In certain embodiments, the amount of light provided to the semi-static display 150 by the frontlight 190 may be adjusted higher or lower depending on the amount of ambient light.

17 depicts a portion of an exemplary partially emissive display. In certain embodiments, sub-emissive display 200 may include sub-emissive pixels 160, each sub-emissive pixel 160 capable of modulating or emitting visible light and one or more substantially transparent areas. an addressable region configured to be In FIG. 17 , a dotted line encloses an exemplary partially emissive pixel 160 , which includes a substantially transparent region (labeled “transparent”) and red (“R”), green (“G”) and blue (“ B") an addressable region comprising a sub-pixel. Partially emitting display 200 may be a partially emitting LCD, and partially emitting LCD pixels 160 may include LCD subpixels, each LCD subpixel having a specific color component (eg, red, green). or blue). In another specific embodiment, the partially emissive display 200 may be a partially emissive LED or OLED display, each having a partially emissive LED or OLED pixel 160 . Each partially emitting LED or OLED pixel 160 may include sub-pixels configured to emit a specific color component (eg, red, green, or blue).

In certain embodiments, the transparent regions and the addressable regions may occupy any suitable portion of the area of the partially emitting pixel 160 . By way of example, and not limitation, transparent areas may include 1/4, 1/3, 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, or any suitable portion of the area of the partially emitting pixel 160 . can Similarly, the addressable area is 1/4, 1/3, 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, the portion of the area of the partially emitting pixel 160 . As shown in FIG. 17 , each of the transparent region and the addressable region occupies approximately half of the area of the partially emitting pixel 160 . In certain embodiments, a partially emitting display may be referred to as a partial display, and a partially emitting LCD or OLED display is indicated as a partial LCD or partial OLED display, respectively. Additionally, a partially emitting pixel may be referred to as a partial pixel, and a partially emitting LCD, OLED or QD pixel may be referred to as a partial LCD pixel or partial OLED pixel, respectively.

In certain embodiments, the partially emitting pixel 160 may have any suitable shape, such as, for example, a square, a rectangle, or a circle. The exemplary partially emissive pixel 160 illustrated in FIGS. 18A-18E has sub-pixels and transparent regions in various arrangements, shapes, and sizes. 18A shows a partially emissive pixel 160 similar to the partially emissive pixel 160 shown in FIG. 17 . As shown in FIG. 18A , a partially emissive pixel 160 includes three adjacent rectangular sub-pixels (“R”, “G” and “B”) and a transparent region located below the three sub-pixels. and the transparent region has approximately the same size as the three sub-pixels. do. In FIG. 18B , a partially emissive pixel 160 includes three adjacent rectangular subpixels and a transparent region positioned adjacent the blue subpixel, the transparent region having approximately the same size and shape as each of the subpixels. As shown in FIG. 18C , the partially emissive pixel 160 is subdivided into four quadrants having three sub-pixels occupying three of the quadrants and a transparent region located in the fourth quadrant. As shown in Fig. 18D, the partially emissive pixel 160 has four square sub-pixels with transparent regions located between and around the four sub-pixels. As shown in Fig. 18E, the partially emissive pixel 160 has four circular sub-pixels with transparent regions located between and around the four sub-pixels. While this disclosure describes and exemplifies specific sub-pixels and specific partially emissive pixels having transparent regions having specific arrangements, shapes, and sizes, any suitable sub-pixels having any suitable configuration, shape and size and transparent regions having any suitable configuration, shape, and size; Any suitable partially emissive pixel is contemplated.

19-23 each show an exploded view of an example display 110 . In the displays of FIGS. 19 to 23 , each includes a partially emitting display configured as a front display 150 or a rear display 140 . In certain embodiments, a partially emissive display may function as an emissive display, and further, a transparent area of the partially emissive display allows a portion of ambient light or light from a frontlight or backlight to transmit through the partially emissive display. can be In certain embodiments, ambient light (eg, light from one or more light sources located outside the display 110 ) may pass through a transparent area of the partially emitting display, and the ambient light may pass through a pixel of the partially emitting display or It can be used to illuminate pixels of other displays (eg, electrophoretic displays).

In certain embodiments, display 110 may include a partially transparent display configured as either a front display 150 or a rear display 140 . Each pixel of a partially transparent display includes a semi-static addressable region configured to be visible white, black, or transparent. Additionally, each pixel of a partially transparent display may have one or more substantially transparent areas that allow ambient light or light from a frontlight or backlight to pass therethrough. By way of example and not limitation, a partially transparent electrophoretic display may function as a semi-static display having pixels configured to appear white or black. Additionally, each pixel of a partially transparent electrophoretic display may have one or more transparent areas (similar to the partially emitting pixels described above) that may transmit some of the ambient light or light from the frontlight or backlight. In certain embodiments, display 110 may include a partially emissive display and a partially transparent electrophoretic display, wherein the pixels of the two displays do not substantially overlap their respective addressable regions, and their respective transparent The regions are aligned relative to each other such that they do not substantially overlap. As a non-limiting example, a transparent region of a partially emissive pixel may transmit light illuminating an electrophoretic region of a partially transparent pixel, and likewise, a transparent region of a partially transparent pixel may be a sub-pixel of a partially emissive LCD pixel. It is possible to transmit light illuminating the In certain embodiments, a partially transparent electrophoretic display may be referred to as a partially electrophoretic display.

In certain embodiments, the display 110 may include a segmented backlight having an area configured to produce illumination light and another area configured not to produce light. In certain embodiments, the segmented backlight may be aligned with respect to the partial LCD such that the light generating area of the segmented backlight is aligned to illuminate sub-pixels of the partial LCD. As a non-limiting example, a segmented backlight may produce light in the form of strips, each light strip being arranged to illuminate a corresponding strip of sub-pixels of a partial LCD. Although this disclosure describes and exemplifies specific displays, including specific combinations of partially emissive displays, partially transparent displays, and segmented backlights, the present disclosure provides for any suitable Any suitable display including combinations is contemplated.

The example display 110 of FIG. 19 includes a partial LCD 150 , a layer 210 and a layer 220 . In FIG. 19 , layer 210 may be a reflector (eg, a reflective surface configured to reflect incident light) and layer 220 may be a frontlight. The reflector may reflect about 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or any suitable proportion of the incident light. When the display 110 of FIG. 19 is operating in the light-emitting mode, the front light 220 is turned on to illuminate the reflector 210 , and the reflector 210 reflects the light from the front light 190 to image, video or other content. is reflected to the partial LCD 150 which modulates the light to emit light. In the light emitting mode, ambient light (which is transmitted through the transparent area of the display 150 ) may also be used to illuminate the partial LCD 150 . When the display 110 operates in a semi-static mode, the front light 220 is turned off and ambient light (room light or sunlight) passes through the transparent area of the partial LCD 150 . Ambient light passes through the substantially transparent frontlight 220 and is reflected off the reflector 210 . The reflected light illuminates the partial LCD 150, which modulates the light to produce text, images, or other content. In the non-illuminated mode, the display 110 may require little power because the frontlights are powered off and the partial LCD 150 may not require significant power to operate.

19 , in another particular embodiment, layer 210 may be a backlight and layer 220 may be a transflector positioned between backlight 210 and partial LCD 150 . A semi-transmissive reflector may refer to a layer that partially reflects and partially transmits incident light. By way of example, and not limitation, a semi-transmissive reflector may include a glass substrate having a reflective coating covering a portion of the substrate, a partially transmissive and partially reflective half-silver mirror or wire-grid polarizer. In certain embodiments, the semi-transmissive reflector may transmit or reflect any suitable portion of the incident light. As an example, transflective reflector 220 may reflect about 50% of the incident light and transmit about 50% of the incident light. In the example of FIG. 19 , when display 110 is operating in a light-emitting mode, backlight 210 may be turned on and may send light through transflective reflector 220 to illuminate partial LCD 150 . In certain embodiments, if there is sufficient ambient light available to illuminate the partial LCD 150 , the light from the backlight 210 may be reduced or turned off. When the display 110 operates in a semi-static mode, the backlight 210 may be turned off and a transflective reflector 220 may illuminate the partial LCD 150 by reflecting ambient light to the partial LCD 150 . . Ambient light (eg, light originating from outside of display 110 ) may be transmitted to display 110 through the transparent area of partial LCD 150 .

In the example of FIG. 20 , front display 150 is a partially emitting LCD and rear display 140 is a partially transparent electrophoretic display with pixels configured to appear white or black. The exemplary display 110 of FIG. 20 includes a partial LCD 150 , a partial electrophoretic display 140 , and a segmented backlight 170 . In certain embodiments, the pixels of the partial LCD 150 and the partial electrophoretic display 140 may be the same size, and the pixels may be aligned with respect to each other. Pixels may be aligned such that their borders are located directly above or below, so that the transparent area of a pixel of one display may overlap the addressable area of a pixel of another display, and vice versa. When the display 110 of FIG. 20 operates in the light-emitting mode, the segmented backlight 170 is turned on, and the lit strip of the segmented backlight 170 emits light that travels through the transparent area of the partial electrophoretic display 140 . and illuminates sub-pixels of the partial LCD 150 that modulate the light to produce an image or other content. The darker areas of the segmented backlight 170 do not produce light. When the display 110 operates in a light-emitting mode, the pixels of the partial electrophoretic display 140 may be configured to appear white or black. When the display 110 operates in a semi-static mode, the segmented backlight 170 and partial LCD 150 are powered off, and ambient light illuminates the addressable area of pixels of the partial electrophoretic display 140 . For part to pass through the transparent area of the LCD 150. The pixels of the partial electrophoretic display 140 may be configured to appear white or black, such that the partial electrophoretic display 140 generates text, images, or other content.

In FIG. 21 , rear display 140 is a partially emitting LCD and front display 150 is a partially transparent electrophoretic display with pixels configured to appear white or black. The exemplary display 110 of FIG. 21 includes a partial LCD 150 , a partial electrophoretic display 150 , and a segmented backlight 170 . In certain embodiments, the pixels of the partial LCD 140 and the partial electrophoretic display 150 may be the same size and the pixels (and respective transparent and addressable areas) may be aligned with respect to each other. When the display 110 of FIG. 21 operates in the light-emitting mode, the segmented backlight 170 is turned on, and a lit strip of the segmented backlight 170 produces light that illuminates sub-pixels of the partial LCD 140 . . The sub-pixels modulate the light to create an image or other content, which propagates through the transparent area of the partial electrophoretic display 150 . The darker areas of the segmented backlight 170 do not produce light. When the display 110 operates in a light-emitting mode, the pixels of the partial electrophoretic display 150 may be configured to appear white or black. When the display 110 operates in a semi-static mode, the segmented backlight 170 and partial LCD 150 are powered off, and ambient light illuminates an addressable area of a pixel of the partial electrophoretic display 150 . . Light propagating through the partial electrophoretic display 150 may be absorbed or reflected by sub-pixels of the partial LCD 140 .

In FIG. 22 , the rear display 140 is a partially emitting OLED display and the front display 150 is a partially transparent electrophoretic display. The example display 110 of FIG. 22 includes a partial OLED display 140 and a partial electrophoretic display 150 . In certain embodiments, the pixels of the partial OLED display 140 and the partial electrophoretic display 150 may be the same size, and the pixels (and their respective transparent and addressable regions) may be aligned with respect to each other. When the display 110 of FIG. 22 operates in the light-emitting mode, the sub-pixels of the partial OLED display 140 may emit light that propagates through the transparent area of the partial electrophoretic display 150 . When the display 110 operates in the light-emitting mode, the pixels of the partial electrophoretic display 150 may be configured to appear white or black. When display 110 operates in a semi-static mode, partial OLED display 140 is powered off and ambient light illuminates addressable areas of pixels of partial electrophoretic display 150 configured to appear black or white, respectively. do. Ambient light propagating through the transparent region of the partial electrophoretic display 150 may be absorbed, scattered, or reflected by sub-pixels of the partial OLED display 140 .

In FIG. 23 , the rear display 140 is an electrophoretic display and the front display 150 is a partially transparent LCD 150 . The exemplary display 110 of FIG. 23 includes an electrophoretic display 140 , a frontlight 190 , and a partial LCD 150 . In certain embodiments, the electrophoretic display 140 may be a partial electrophoretic display or may be an electrophoretic display with little or no transparent area (as shown in FIG. 23 ). In certain embodiments, the pixels of the electrophoretic display 140 and the partial LCD 150 may be aligned with respect to each other. When the display 110 of FIG. 22 is operating in the light-emitting mode, the backlight 190 may be turned on to illuminate the electrophoretic display 140 , which causes its pixels to become white and thus is not exposed from the backlight. It may be configured to scatter or reflect light to the partial LCD 150 . The sub-pixels of the partial LCD 150 modulate the incident light scattered by the electrophoretic display 140 to produce an image or other content. When display 110 operates in a semi-static mode, backlight 190 and partial LCD 150 may be powered off. The electrophoretic display 140 is illuminated by ambient light transmitted through the transparent area of the partial LCD 150 and through the frontlight 190 . The pixels of the electrophoretic display 140 are configured to appear white or black to create text or images that propagate through the frontlight 190 and the partial LCD 150 .

In certain embodiments, the display screen may be integrated into an appliance (eg, on a refrigerator door) or part of an automobile (eg, a windshield or mirror of an automobile). By way of example and not limitation, a display screen may be integrated into an automobile windshield to provide information superimposed over a portion of the automobile windshield. In one mode of operation, the display screen may be substantially transparent, and in another mode of operation, the display screen pixels may be configured to display information visible to the driver or occupant. In certain embodiments, the display screen may include a plurality of pixels, each pixel being configured to be substantially transparent to incident light or at least partially opaque or substantially opaque to incident light. By way of example and not limitation, a semi-static display may include a plurality of semi-static pixels, and the plurality of semi-static pixels may be configured to be substantially transparent or opaque. In certain embodiments, the display screen may be configured to operate in two or more modes, one of which may be referred to as a display having high transparency and containing pixels that make the display screen appear transparent. In certain embodiments, when the pixel is in a mode that is substantially transparent to visible light, the pixel may emit or not emit visible light, and/or may not modulate one or more frequencies (ie, color) of visible light. .

In certain embodiments, an at least partially opaque material or pixel may refer to a material or pixel that is partially transparent to visible light and partially reflects, scatters, or absorbs visible light. By way of example and not limitation, a partially opaque pixel may appear partially transparent or partially black or white. A substantially opaque material or pixel may be a material or pixel that reflects, scatters, or absorbs substantially all incident visible light and transmits little or no light. In certain embodiments, scattering or reflection of light from an opaque material may refer to specular reflection, diffuse reflection (eg, scattering incident light in many different directions), or a combination of specular and diffuse reflection. By way of example and not limitation, an opaque material that substantially absorbs may appear black, and an opaque material that scatters or reflects substantially all incident light may appear white.

24A, 24B each show a side view of an exemplary polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) pixel 160 . In certain embodiments, a PDLC display may include a plurality of PDLC pixels 160 arranged to form a display screen, wherein each PDLC pixel 160 is individually addressed (eg, an active matrix or a passive matrix). method) is possible. In the example of FIGS. 24A and 24B , a PDLC pixel 160 includes a substrate 300 (eg, a thin sheet of clear glass or plastic), an electrode 310 , liquid crystal (LC) droplets, and a polymer 330 . do. The electrode 310 may be formed of a thin film of a substantially transparent, for example, transparent material such as ITO, which is deposited on the surface of the substrate 300 . The LC droplet 320 is suspended in the solidified polymer 330 , and the concentrations of the LC droplet 320 and the polymer 330 may be approximately equal. In certain embodiments, the PDLC pixel 160 may be substantially opaque when little or no voltage is applied between the electrodes 310 (eg, the pixel 160 may appear white or black), and the PDLC pixel 160 may appear white or black. The pixel 160 may be substantially transparent when a voltage is applied between the electrodes 310 . In FIG. 24A , when two electrodes 310 are coupled together with little or no voltage or electric field between the electrodes, an incident ray 340 is a randomly oriented LC droplet that can scatter or absorb the ray 340 . It is blocked by (320). In this “off” state, the PDLC pixel 160 is substantially opaque or non-transmissive, and may appear white (eg, by scattering most of the incident light), or black (eg, by scattering most of the incident light). In FIG. 24B , when a voltage (eg, 5V) is applied between the electrodes 310 , the resulting electric field causes the incident ray 340 to be transmitted through the PDLC pixel 160 . to align droplet 320 . In this “on” state, the PDLC pixel 160 may be at least partially transparent. In certain embodiments, the amount of transparency of the PDLC pixel 160 may be controlled by adjusting the applied voltage (eg, a higher applied voltage results in a greater amount of transparency). By way of example and not limitation, PDLC pixel 160 may be 50% transparent (eg, capable of transmitting 50% of incident light) with an applied voltage of 2.5V, and PDLC pixel 160 may have an applied voltage of 5V. can be 90% transparent.

In certain embodiments, PDLC materials can be prepared by adding a high molecular weight polymer to a low molecular weight liquid crystal. The liquid crystal may be dissolved or dispersed in a liquid polymer and a solidification process (eg polymerization or solvent evaporation) may be performed. During the transition of the polymer from liquid to solid, the liquid crystal may miscise with the solid polymer to form droplets (eg, LC droplets 320 ) dispersed in the solid polymer (eg, polymer 330 ). In certain embodiments, a liquid mixture of polymer and liquid crystal may be disposed between two layers, each layer comprising a substrate 300 and an electrode 310 . Next, the polymer can be cured, thereby forming a PDLC device of a sandwich structure as shown in FIGS. 24A and 24B .

PDLC materials can be considered as part of a material called liquid crystal polymer composite materials (LCPCs). The PDLC material may comprise approximately equal relative concentrations of polymer and liquid crystal. Another type of LCPC is a polymer stabilized liquid crystal (PSLC) in which the concentration of the polymer is less than 10% of the LC concentration. Similar to the PDLC material, the PSLC material also contains LC droplets in the polymer binder, but the polymer concentration is significantly lower than the LC concentration. Also, in PSLC materials, the LC may be distributed continuously throughout the polymer rather than dispersed as droplets. The addition of a polymer to an LC to form a phase-separated PSLC mixture results in different orientation domains of the LC, from which light can be scattered, where the size of the domains can determine the scattering intensity. In certain embodiments, the pixel 160 may comprise a PSLC material, and in an “off” state in the absence of an applied electric field, the PSLC pixel 160 may appear substantially transparent. In this state, the liquid crystal near the polymer tends to align with the polymer network in a stabilized form. Polymer-stabilized uniformly aligned nematic liquid crystals allow light to pass through without scattering due to the homogeneous orientation of the polymer and LC. In an “on” state where an electric field is applied, the PSLC pixel 160 may appear substantially opaque. In this state, the electric field forces the liquid crystal molecules to align with the vertical electric field. However, the polymer network attempts to hold the LC molecules in a horizontal homogeneous orientation. As a result, a multi-domain structure is formed in which the LCs in the domains are uniformly oriented but the domains are randomly oriented. In this state, the incident light encounters different refractive indices of the domains and the light is scattered. While this disclosure describes and exemplifies specific polymer-stabilized liquid crystal materials configured to form specific pixels having a specific structure, any suitable polymer-stabilized liquid crystal material configured to form any suitable pixel having any suitable structure may be used. consider

In one or more embodiments, the LC droplets of FIGS. 24A, 24B are not stained. Thus, a pixel appears white when controlled in an opaque state. For example, LC droplets scatter light. In one or more embodiments, a dye is added to the LC droplet 320 . Dyes are colored. The dye helps to absorb the light and also scatters the unabsorbed light. Exemplary colors of the dye include, but are not limited to, black, white, silver (eg, TiO 2 ), red, green, blue, cyan, magenta, and yellow. With the dye added to the LC droplet 320 , the pixel controlled to be opaque appears to be the color of the dye used.

In one or more embodiments, a PDLC display may include one or more pixels that do not include a dye. In one or more embodiments, a PDLC display may include one or more pixels, each pixel comprising a dye. In one or more embodiments, a PDLC display may include only some pixels, eg, a plurality of pixels in which a subset of the pixels of the display comprises a dye. Also, in certain embodiments, different dyes may be used for different pixels. For example, a PDLC display may have one or more pixels comprising a first dye color, one or more pixels comprising a second dye color and another dye color, and the like. A PDLC display may include three or more differently colored pixels. For example, a PDLC display may include one or more pixels dyed black, one or more pixels dyed white, one or more pixels dyed silver, one or more pixels dyed red, one or more pixels dyed green, dyed blue. one or more pixels dyed cyan, one or more pixels dyed magenta, one or more pixels dyed yellow, or any combination thereof.

25 shows a side view of an exemplary electrochromic pixel 160 . In certain embodiments, an electrochromic display may include electrochromic pixels 160 arranged to form a display screen, wherein each electrochromic pixel 160 is individually addressed (eg, active-matrix or using a passive-matrix approach). In the example of FIG. 25 , the electrochromic pixel 160 includes a substrate 300 (eg, a thin sheet of transparent glass or plastic), an electrode 310 , an ion storage layer 350 , an ion conductive electrolyte 360 , and electrochromic layer 370). The electrode 310 is substantially transparent and may be formed of a thin film ITO deposited on the surface of the substrate 300 . Electrochromic layer 370 includes a material exhibiting electrochromism (eg, tungsten oxide, nickel oxide material, or polyaniline), wherein the electrochromic property is a reversible change in color that occurs when a burst of electrical charge is applied to the material. refers to In certain embodiments, in response to an applied charge or voltage, the electrochromic pixel 160 is colored in a substantially transparent state (eg, incident light 340 propagates through the electrochromic pixel 160) and opaque, colored. It may change between an illuminated or translucent state (eg, incident light 340 may be partially absorbed, filtered, or scattered by electrochromic pixel 160 ). In certain embodiments, in an opaque, colored, or translucent state, the electrochromic pixel 160 may appear blue, silver, black, white, or any other suitable color. The electrochromic pixel 160 is in one state when a burst of charge or voltage is applied to the electrode 310 (eg, when the switch of FIG. 25 is momentarily closed to apply an instantaneous voltage between the electrodes 310 ). can change from one state to another. In certain embodiments, once the state of the electrochromic pixel 160 is changed by a burst of charge, the electrochromic pixel 160 may not require any power to maintain that state, and thus the electrochromic pixel 160 can only require power when changing between states. By way of example, and not limitation, an electrochromic pixel 160 of an electrochromic display can be configured (eg, transparent or white) once the display is configured to present certain specific information (eg, an image or text). , the displayed information can be maintained in static mode without requiring any power or refresh of the pixels.

26 shows a perspective view of an exemplary electrically dissipating pixel 160 . In certain embodiments, an electrically dissipative display may include a plurality of electrically dissipative pixels 160 arranged to form a display screen, each electrically dissipating pixel 160 may be individually addressable (eg, using active matrix or passive matrix methods). By way of example, and not limitation, the electrically dispersed pixel 160 may include two or more electrodes to which a voltage may be applied through an active matrix or a passive matrix. In a particular embodiment, the electrically dissipating pixel 160 may include a front electrode 400 , an attractor electrode 410 , and a pixel enclosure 430 . The front electrode 400 may face in a direction substantially parallel to the viewing surface of the display screen, the front electrode being substantially transparent to visible light. By way of example and not limitation, the front electrode 400 may be made of a thin film of ITO that may be deposited on the front or rear surface of the pixel enclosure 430 . The attractor electrode 410 may be approximately orthogonal to the front electrode 400 (eg, oriented at approximately 90° with respect to the front electrode 400 ). In certain embodiments, the electrically dissipating pixel 160 may also include a diffuser electrode 420 disposed on the surface of the enclosure 430 , opposite the attractor electrode 410 . The attractor electrode 410 and the disperser electrode 420 may each be made of an ITO thin film or other thin film conductive material (eg, gold, silver, copper, chromium or carbon in a conductive form).

In certain embodiments, the pixel enclosure 430 may be positioned at least partially behind or in front of the front electrode 400 . As an example, and not by way of limitation, enclosure 430 may include several walls comprising an interior volume defined by the walls of enclosure 430 , wherein one or more electrodes are attached to each surface of the walls of enclosure 430 , or can be deposited. As an example, and not by way of limitation, the front electrode 400 may be an ITO electrode deposited on an inner surface (eg, a surface facing the pixel volume) or an outer surface of the front or rear wall of the enclosure 430 . In certain embodiments, the front or rear wall of the enclosure 430 may refer to a layer of pixels 160 through which incident light may pass when interacting with the pixel 160 , the front or rear wall of the enclosure 430 being It may be substantially transparent to visible light. Thus, in certain embodiments, pixel 160 may have a state or mode that is substantially transparent to visible light, emits or does not emit visible light, and/or modulates one or more frequencies (ie, color) of visible light. I never do that. As another non-limiting example, the attractor electrode 410 or the disperser electrode 420 may be attached or deposited on the inner or outer surface of the sidewall of the enclosure 430 , respectively.

FIG. 27 shows a top view of the exemplary electrically dissipating pixel 160 of FIG. 26 . In certain embodiments, enclosure 430 may include an electrically controllable material that is movable within a volume of the enclosure, and the electrically controllable material may be at least partially opaque to visible light. By way of example and not limitation, the electrically controllable material may be reflective or may be white, black, gray, blue, or any other suitable color. In certain embodiments, the pixels 160 of the display may be configured to respond to a voltage applied between the front electrode 400 and the attractor electrode 410 and to generate an electric field based on the applied voltage, the electric field being It extends at least partially into the volume of the pixel enclosure ( 43 ). In certain embodiments, the electrically controllable material may be configured to move toward the front electrode 400 or attractor electrode 410 in response to an applied electric field. In certain embodiments, the electrically controllable material may include opaque particles 440 that are white, black, or reflective, and the particles may be suspended in a transparent fluid 450 contained within a pixel volume. By way of example, and not limitation, the electrically dispersed particles 440 may be made of titanium dioxide (which may appear white) and may have a diameter of about 1 μm. As another non-limiting example, the electrically dissipating particles 440 may be made of any suitable material and may be coated with a tinted or reflective coating. Particles 440 may have any suitable size, such as, for example, a diameter of 0.1 μm, 1 μm, or 10 μm. Particles 440 may have any suitable range of diameters (eg, such as in the range of 1 μm to 2 μm). While this disclosure describes and exemplifies specific electrically dissipating particles having a specific composition and a specific size, this disclosure contemplates any suitable electrically dissipating particle having any suitable composition and any suitable size. In certain embodiments, operation of the electrically dissipating pixel 160 may include electrophoresis, wherein the particle 440 has an electrical charge or an electric dipole, and the particle may be moved using an applied electric field. By way of example and not limitation, particle 440 may have a positive charge and may be attracted to the negative side of a negative charge or electric field. Alternatively, particles 440 may have a negative charge and may be attracted to the positive charge of the electric field or to the positive side of the electric field. When the electrically dispersed pixel 160 is configured to be transparent, the particles 440 cause incident light (eg, ray 340 ) to pass through the pixel 160 and travel towards the attractor electrode 410 . When pixel 160 is configured to be opaque, particle 440 scatters or absorbs incident light and may travel toward front electrode 400 .

In one or more embodiments, particles 440 of FIG. 27 are undyed. Thus, a pixel appears white when controlled in an opaque state. For example, particles 440 scatter light. In one or more embodiments, a dye is added to the particles 440 . Dyes are colored. Dyes help absorb light and also scatter unabsorbed light. Exemplary colors of the dye include, but are not limited to, black, white, silver (eg, TiO 2 ), red, green, blue, cyan, magenta, and yellow. By adding a dye to the particles 440 and controlling the pixel to be opaque, the pixel appears to be the color of the dye used.

In one or more embodiments, an electrically dispersive display may include one or more pixels that do not include a dye. In one or more embodiments, an electrically dispersive display may include one or more pixels, each pixel comprising a dye. In one or more embodiments, an electrically dispersive display may include a plurality of pixels, wherein only some, eg, a subset of the pixels of the display, include a dye. Also, in certain embodiments, different dyes may be used for different pixels. For example, an electrically dispersive display can include one or more pixels comprising a first dye color, one or more pixels comprising a second and a different dye color, and the like. An electrically dispersive display may include more than two different colored pixels. For example, an electrically dispersive display may include one or more pixels dyed black, one or more pixels dyed white, one or more pixels dyed silver, one or more pixels dyed red, one or more pixels dyed green, blue one or more pixels dyed, one or more pixels dyed cyan, one or more pixels dyed magenta, one or more pixels dyed yellow, or one or more pixels in any combination thereof.

28A-28C each show a top view of an exemplary electrically dissipating pixel 160 . In a particular embodiment, pixel 160 includes a transparent mode (as shown in FIG. 28A ), a partially transparent mode (as shown in FIG. 28B ), and an opaque mode (as shown in FIG. 28C ). , can be configured to operate in multiple modes. In the example of FIGS. 28A-28C , the electrodes are labeled "attractive force", "repulsive force" and "partial attraction force" depending on the mode of operation. In a particular embodiment, “attractive force” refers to an electrode configured to attract particles 440 , while “REPULSE” refers to an electrode configured to repel particles 440 , and vice versa. . The relative voltage applied to the electrode depends on whether the particles 440 have a positive or negative charge. By way of example, and not limitation, if the particles 440 have a positive charge, the “attractive” electrode may be coupled to ground, while the “repulsive” electrode has a positive voltage (eg, +5V) can be authorized In this case, the positively charged particles 440 will be attracted to the ground electrode and repelled by the positive electrode.

In the transparent mode of operation, a significant portion (eg, 80%, 90%, 95%, or any suitable proportion) of the electrically controllable material 440 is attracted near the attractor electrode 410 , thereby causing the pixel 160 is substantially transparent to incident visible light. For example, and not by way of limitation, if the particles 440 have a negative charge, the attractor electrode 410 may have an applied positive voltage (eg, +5V), while the front electrode ( 400) is coupled to ground potential (eg, 0V). As shown in FIG. 28A , particles 440 agglomerate around attractor electrode 410 , and only a small fraction of the incident light may not propagate through pixel 160 . In the transparent mode, little or no electrically controllable material 440 is located near the front electrode (eg, less than 20%, less than 10%, or less than 20%), and pixel 160 is More than 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or other suitable percentage of visible light incident on the front or back surface of pixel 160 may be transmitted.

In a partially transparent mode of operation, a first portion of the electrically controllable material 440 may be positioned proximate the front electrode 400 , and a second portion 440 of the electrically controllable material may be located near the attractor electrode 410 . ) may be located nearby. In certain embodiments, the first and second portions of electrically controllable material 440 may include between 10% and 90% electrically controllable material, respectively. In the partially transparent mode shown in FIG. 28B , the front electrode 400 and the attractor electrode 410 may each be configured to be partially attracted to the particles 440 . In certain embodiments, when operating in a partially transparent mode, the amount of the first or second portion may be approximately proportional to the voltage applied between the front electrode 400 and the attractor electrode 410 . For example, without being limited thereto, when the particles 440 have a negative charge and the front electrode 400 is coupled to the ground, the amount of the particles 440 positioned near the attractor electrode 410 is the attractor. It is approximately proportional to the voltage applied to the electrode 410 . Additionally, the amount of particles 440 positioned near the front electrode 400 may be inversely proportional to the voltage applied to the attractor electrode 410 . In certain embodiments, when operating in a partially transparent mode, the electrically dispersive pixel 160 may be partially opaque, wherein the electrically dissipative pixel 160 is partially transparent to visible light and partially reflects visible light; scatter or absorb. Partial y is transparent to visible light and partially reflects, scatters, or absorbs visible light. In the partially transparent mode, the pixel 160 is partially transparent to incident visible light, and the transparency may be approximately proportional to the portion where the electrically controllable material 440 is located near the attractor electrode 410 .

In an opaque mode of operation, a significant portion (eg, 80%, 90%, 95%, or any suitable proportion) of the electrically controllable material 440 may be located near the front electrode 400 . By way of example, and not limitation, if the particles 440 have a negative charge, a positive voltage (eg, +5V) is applied to the front electrode 400 , while the attractor electrode 410 is It can be connected to ground potential. In certain embodiments, when operating in an opaque mode, the pixel 160 may be substantially opaque, wherein the pixel 160 reflects, scatters, or absorbs substantially all incident visible light. 28C , in a particular embodiment, particles 440 form an opaque layer on the electrode and prevent light from passing through pixel 160 , and may be attracted to front electrode 400 . In a particular embodiment, particles 440 may be white or reflective, and in opaque mode, pixel 160 may appear white. In another particular embodiment, the particles 440 may be black or absorptive, and in an opaque mode the pixel may appear black.

In certain embodiments, the electrically controllable material 440 may be configured to absorb one or more spectral components of light and transmit one or more other spectral components of light. By way of example and not limitation, the electrically controllable material 440 may be configured to absorb red light and transmit green and blue light. Three or more pixels may be combined together to form a color pixel configured to display color, and a plurality of color pixels may be combined to form a color display. In certain embodiments, a color electrically dispersed display can be made by using particles 440 having different colors. By way of example and not limitation, particles 440 may be selectively transparent or reflective to a particular color (eg, red, green, or blue), wherein a combination of three or more colored electrically dissipating pixels 160 is It can be used to form color pixels.

In a specific embodiment, when moving the particles 440 from the attractor electrode 410 to the front electrode 400 , the disperser electrode 420 disposed opposite the attractor electrode 410 causes the particles to be deposited on the front electrode 400 . It can be used to disperse the particles 440 from the attractor electrode 410 before a voltage that attracts them 440 is applied. For example, but not limited thereto, before applying a voltage that attracts the particles 440 to the front electrode 400 , a voltage is first applied to the disperser electrode 420 to attract the particles 440 to the attractor electrode 410 . ) from the pixel volume. This action causes the particles 440 to be distributed substantially uniformly across the front electrode 400 when the front electrode 440 is configured to attract the particles 440 . In certain embodiments, the electrically dissipating pixel 160 may preserve its state when power is removed, and the electrically dissipating pixel may only require power when changing its state (eg, from transparent to opaque). In certain embodiments, the electrically distributed display may continue to display information even after power is removed. An electrically distributed display may only consume power when updating the displayed information, and an electrically distributed display may consume very low or no power when an update to the displayed information is not executed.

29 shows a perspective view of an exemplary electrowetting pixel 160 . In certain embodiments, an electrowetting display may include a plurality of electrowetting pixels 160 arranged to form a display screen, wherein each electrowetting pixel 160 may be individually addressable (e.g., active matrix or passive matrix method). In certain embodiments, the electrowetting pixel may include a front electrode 400 , an attractor electrode 410 , a liquid electrode 420 , a pixel enclosure 430 , or a hydrophobic coating 460 . The front electrode 400 may face in a direction substantially parallel to the viewing surface of the display screen and the front electrode 400 may be substantially transparent to visible light. The front electrode 400 may be an ITO electrode deposited on the inner or outer surface of the front or rear wall of the enclosure 430 . The attractor electrode 410 and the liquid electrode 420 (located opposite the attractor electrode 410 ) may each face a direction forming an angle with the front electrode 400 . By way of example and not limitation, the attractor electrode 410 and the liquid electrode 420 may each be substantially orthogonal to the front electrode 400 . The attractor electrode 410 or the liquid electrode 420 may be attached or deposited on the inner or outer surface of the sidewall of the enclosure 430 , respectively. The attractor electrode 410 and the liquid electrode 420 may each be formed of a thin film of ITO or a thin film of another conductive material (eg, gold, silver, copper, chromium, or carbon in a conductive form).

30 shows a top view of the exemplary electrowetting pixel 160 of FIG. 29 . In certain embodiments, the electrically controllable material 440 may include a colored or opaque electrowetting fluid 440 . By way of example, and not limitation, electrowetting fluid 440 may appear black (eg, may substantially absorb light) or may absorb or transmit some color components (eg, , can absorb red light and transmit blue and green light). The electrowetting fluid 440 may be contained within the pixel volume along with the transparent fluid 470 , and the electrowetting fluid 440 and the transparent fluid 470 may be immiscible. In certain embodiments, electrowetting fluid 440 may include oil and clear fluid 470 may include water. In certain embodiments, electrowetting may refer to the modification of the wetting properties of a surface by an applied electric field, and electrowetting fluid 440 may refer to a fluid that moves or is attracted to a surface in response to an applied electric field. have. By way of example, and not limitation, electrowetting fluid 440 may migrate towards a positive voltage applied electrode. When pixel 160 is configured to be transparent, electrowetting fluid 440 moves in a direction adjacent attractor electrode 410 such that incident light (eg, ray 340 ) passes through pixel 160 . can When pixel 160 is configured to be opaque, electrowetting fluid 440 may move in a direction adjacent to front electrode 400 , whereby incident light is scattered or absorbed by electrowetting fluid 440 .

In certain embodiments, the electrowetting pixel 160 may include a hydrophobic coating 460 disposed on one or more surfaces of the pixel enclosure 430 . A hydrophobic coating 460 may be positioned between the electrowetting fluid 440 and the anterior and attractor electrodes. By way of example, and not limitation, hydrophobic coating 460 may be pasted or deposited on the interior surfaces of one or more walls of pixel enclosure 430 adjacent to front electrode 400 and attractor electrode 410 . In certain embodiments, the hydrophobic coating 460 may include a material that is readily wettable by the electrowetting fluid 440, thus forming a substantially uniform layer (rather than beads) on the electrode surface. can result in an electrowetting fluid forming.

31A-31C each show a front view of an exemplary electrowetting pixel 160 . In certain embodiments, the electrowetting pixel 160 has a transparent mode (as shown in FIG. 31A ), a partially transparent mode (as shown in FIG. 31B ), and an opaque mode (as shown in FIG. 31C ). It may be configured to operate in a plurality of modes, including The electrodes in FIGS. 31A-31C are marked with positive and negative charge symbols indicating the relative charge and polarity of the electrode. In the transparent mode of operation shown in FIG. 31A , the front electrode 400 is off (eg, no charge or applied voltage), the attractor electrode 410 has a positive charge or voltage, and the attractor electrode 410 is ), the liquid electrode 420 has a negative charge or voltage. By way of example and not limitation, a +5V voltage may be applied to the attractor electrode 410 and the liquid electrode 420 may be coupled to ground. In the transparent mode of operation, a significant portion (eg, 80%, 90%, 95%, or any suitable proportion) of the electrowetting fluid 440 is attracted to a location near the attractor electrode 410 , thereby causing the pixel (160) becomes transparent to incident visible light.

In the partially transparent mode of operation shown in FIG. 31B , a first portion of the electrowetting fluid 440 is located near the front electrode 400 and a second portion of the electrowetting fluid 440 is located near the attractor electrode 410 . located in Front electrode 400 and attractor electrode 410 are each configured to attract electrowetting fluid 440, and the amount of electrowetting fluid 440 on each electrode depends on the relative charge or voltage applied to the electrode. When operating in a partially transparent mode, the electrowetting pixel 160 may be partially opaque and partially transparent. In the opaque mode of operation shown in FIG. 31C , a significant portion (eg, greater than 80%, 90%, 95%, or any suitable proportion) of the electrowetting fluid 440 is located near the front electrode 400 . . The front electrode 400 has a positive charge, and the attractor electrode 410 is off, so that the electrowetting fluid moves towards the surface of the pixel enclosure 430 adjacent the front electrode 400 . In certain embodiments, in an opaque mode, the electrowetting pixel 160 is substantially opaque and is capable of reflecting, scattering, or absorbing substantially all incident visible light. By way of example, and not limitation, electrowetting fluid 440 may be black or absorbent, and pixel 160 may appear black.

In one or more embodiments, the electrowetting fluid 440 of FIGS. 29-31 is not stained. Thus, a pixel appears white when controlled to an opaque state. For example, the electrowetting fluid 440 scatters light. In one or more embodiments, a dye is added to the electrowetting fluid 440 . Dyes are colored. Dyes help absorb light and also scatter unabsorbed light. Exemplary colors of the dye include, but are not limited to, black, white, silver (eg, TiO 2 ), red, green, blue, cyan, magenta, and yellow. When a dye is added to the electrowetting fluid 440 and the pixel is controlled to be opaque, the pixel appears to be the color of the dye used.

In one or more embodiments, an electrowetting display may include one or more pixels that do not include a dye. In one or more embodiments, an electrowetting display may include one or more pixels, each pixel comprising a dye. In one or more embodiments, an electrowetting display may include a plurality of pixels in which only some, eg, a subset of the pixels of the display, comprise a dye. Also, in certain embodiments, different dyes may be used for different pixels. For example, an electrowetting display may have one or more pixels comprising a first dye color, a second dye color and one or more pixels comprising another dye color, and the like. An electrowetting display may contain more than two different dyed pixels. For example, an electrowetting display may include one or more pixels dyed black, one or more pixels dyed white, one or more pixels dyed silver, one or more pixels dyed red, one or more pixels dyed green, one or more pixels dyed blue. one or more pixels dyed, one or more pixels dyed cyan, one or more pixels dyed magenta, one or more pixels dyed yellow, or any combination thereof.

In certain embodiments, the PDLC display may be an electrochromic display, or the SmA display may be fabricated using one or more glass substrates or plastic substrates. By way of example and not limitation, a PDLC electrochromic display or SmA display may be fabricated in a sandwich shape in which each of the PDLC, electrochromic or SmA material is placed between two sheets of glass or plastic. In certain embodiments, PDLC electrochromic or SmA displays can be fabricated on plastic substrates using roll-to-roll processing techniques. In certain embodiments, the display manufacturing process may include patterning the substrate to include a passive or active matrix. By way of example, and not limitation, the substrate may be patterned with a passive matrix comprising conductive regions or lines extending from one edge of the display to another. As another non-limiting example, a substrate may be patterned and coated to create a set of transistors for an active matrix. The first substrate may include a set of transistors (eg, a hold trace and a scan trace) configured to couple the two traces together, and a second substrate positioned on an opposite side of the display from the first substrate is a may contain sets.

In certain embodiments, conductive lines or traces may extend to the ends of the substrate and may be coupled to one or more control boards (eg, via pressure-fit or blot-stripe connector pads). In certain embodiments, an electrodispersive display or an electrowetting display can be fabricated by patterning an underlying substrate with conductive lines forming connections to pixel electrodes. In certain embodiments, the plastic grid may be attached to the underlying substrate using ultrasonic, chemical, or thermal attachment techniques (eg, ultrasonic, chemical, thermal, or spot welding). In certain embodiments, a plastic grid or underlying substrate may be patterned with a conductive material (eg, metal or ITO) to form electrodes. In certain embodiments the cells may be filled with a working fluid. (Cells can be filled using, for example, immersion, inkjet deposition, or screen or rotogravure transfer.) By way of example, and not limitation, for electrically dispersive displays, the working fluid may be a transparent liquid (e.g., water ) may contain opaque charged particles suspended in As another non-limiting example, in the case of an electrowetting display, the working fluid may include a combination of oil and water. In certain embodiments, the top substrate may be attached to a plastic grid, and the top substrate may seal the cell. In certain embodiments, the upper substrate may include a transparent electrode. While this specification describes specific techniques for making specific displays, this disclosure contemplates any suitable technique for making any suitable display.

32 shows an example computer system 3200 . In certain embodiments, one or more computer systems 3200 perform one or more steps of one or more methods described or illustrated herein. In certain embodiments, one or more computer systems 3200 provide the functionality described or illustrated herein. In certain embodiments, software running on one or more computer systems 3200 performs one or more steps of one or more methods described or illustrated herein or provides functionality described or illustrated herein. Certain embodiments include one or more portions of one or more computer systems 3200 . References herein to computer systems may include computing devices and vice versa, where appropriate. Also, reference to a computer system may include one or more computer systems where appropriate.

This disclosure contemplates any suitable number of computer systems 3200 . This disclosure contemplates computer system 3200 taking any suitable physical form. By way of example, and not limitation, computer system 3200 may be an embedded computer system, a system on a chip (SOC), a single board computer system (SBC) (eg, a computer-on-chip (COM) or system SOM (system) -on-module)), desktop computer systems, laptop or notebook computer systems, interactive kiosks, mainframes, computer system networks, mobile telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), servers, tablet computer systems, or combinations of two or more thereof. Where appropriate, computer system 3200 may include one or more computer systems 3200, may be monolithic or distributed, may span multiple locations, and may span multiple machines. may reside in the cloud, which may span multiple data centers, or may include one or more cloud components in one or more networks, where appropriate, one or more computer systems 3200 described or illustrated herein. One or more steps of one or more methods described herein can be performed substantially without spatial or temporal limitation. By way of example and not limitation, one or more computer systems 3200 may perform one or more steps of one or more methods described or illustrated herein. It may be performed in real-time or batch mode, The one or more computer systems 3200 may perform one or more steps of one or more methods described or illustrated herein as appropriate at different times or at different locations.

In certain embodiments, computer system 3200 includes processor 3202 , memory 3204 , storage 3206 , input/output (I/O) interface 3208 , communication interface 3210 , and bus 3212 . do. Any suitable computer system having the specified number of components in any particular arrangement contemplates any suitable computer system having any suitable number of any suitable components in any suitable configuration.

In certain embodiments, processor 3202 includes hardware for executing instructions, such as instructions that make up a computer program. For example, and not by way of limitation, to execute an instruction, the processor 3202 may retrieve (or fetch) the instruction from an internal register, internal cache, memory 3204, or storage device 3206 . , decode and execute, and write one or more results to an internal register, internal cache, memory 3204 or storage device 3206 . In certain embodiments, the processor 3202 may include one or more internal caches for data, instructions, or addresses. This disclosure contemplates a processor 3202 including any suitable number of any suitable internal cache where appropriate. By way of example, and not limitation, processor 3202 may include one or more instruction caches, one or more data caches, and one or more translation look-up buffers (TLBs). Instructions in the instruction cache may be copies of instructions in memory 3204 or storage 3206 , which may speed up retrieval of the instructions by the processor 3202 . The data in the data cache may be a copy of the data in memory 3204 or storage 3206 for instructions executed by processor 3202 . The instructions may be the results of previous instructions executed by the processor 3202 for access by subsequent instructions executing on the processor 3202 or for writing to the memory 3204 or storage 3206; or to act on other appropriate data. The data cache may speed up read/write operations by the processor 3202 . TLB may speed up virtual-to-address translation for processor 3202 . In certain embodiments, the processor 3202 may include one or more internal registers for data, instructions, or addresses. This disclosure contemplates a processor 3202 including any suitable number of any suitable internal registers where appropriate. Where appropriate, processor 3202 may include one or more arithmetic logic units (ALUs) and may be multi-core processors. While this disclosure describes and describes a particular processor, this disclosure contemplates any suitable processor.

In a particular embodiment, memory 3204 includes main memory for storing instructions to be executed by processor 3202 or data for processor 3202 to operate on. For example, and not by way of limitation, computer system 3200 may load instructions into memory 3204 from storage 3206 , or from another source (eg, from another computer system 3202 ). have. The processor 3202 can then load the instructions from the memory 3204 into a memory internal register or internal cache. To execute instructions, processor 3202 may retrieve instructions from an internal register or internal cache and decode them. During or after execution of instructions, processor 3202 may write one or more results (which may be intermediate or final results) to an internal register or internal cache. Processor 3202 may then write one or more of the results to memory 3204 . In certain embodiments, the processor 3202 executes only instructions in one or more internal registers or internal caches or memories 3204 (as opposed to storage 3206 or elsewhere), and one or more internal registers or internal caches or memories. It can only operate on data in 3204 (as opposed to storage 3206 or elsewhere). One or more memory buses (which may each include an address bus and a data bus) may couple the processor 3202 to the memory 3204 . Bus 3212 may include one or more memory buses as described below. In certain embodiments, one or more memory management units (MMUs) reside between the processor 3202 and the memory 3204 and facilitate accesses to the memory 3204 requested by the processor 3202 . In certain embodiments, memory 3204 may include random access memory (RAM). This RAM may be volatile memory, if appropriate, and may be either dynamic RAM (DRAM) or static RAM (SRAM), where appropriate. Also, where appropriate, this RAM may be a single-port or multi-port RAM. This disclosure contemplates any suitable RAM. Memory 3204 may include one or more memories 3204 as appropriate. Although this disclosure describes and describes specific memories, this disclosure contemplates any suitable memory.

In certain embodiments, storage device 3206 includes mass storage for data or instructions. The storage device 3206 includes a hard disk drive (HDD), a floppy disk drive, flash memory, an optical disk, a magneto-optical disk, a magnetic tape, or a Universal Serial Bus (USB) drive, or a combination of two or more thereof. Storage device 3206 may include removable or non-removable (or non-removable) media as appropriate. Storage device 3206 may be internal or external to computer system 3200 as appropriate. In a particular embodiment, the storage device 3206 is a non-volatile solid state memory. In certain embodiments, storage device 3206 includes read-only memory (ROM). In some cases, this ROM is mask programmed ROM, programmable ROM (PROM), erasable PROM (EPROM), electrically erasable PROM (EEPROM), electrically changeable ROM (EAROM), or flash memory, or both. It may be a combination of the above. This disclosure contemplates a mass storage device 3206 taking any suitable physical form. Storage device 3206 may include one or more storage controls that facilitate communication between processor 3202 and storage device 3206, if appropriate. Where appropriate, storage device 3206 may include one or more storage devices 3206 . Although this disclosure describes and describes a specific storage device, this disclosure contemplates any suitable storage device.

In certain embodiments, I/O interface 3208 includes hardware, software, or both that provides one or more interfaces for communication between computer system 3200 and one or more I/O devices. Computer system 3200 may include one or more of these I/O devices as appropriate. One or more of these I/O devices may enable communication between an individual and the computer system 3200 . By way of example, and not limitation, an I/O device may be a keyboard, keypad, microphone, monitor, mouse, printer, stylus, tablet, touch screen, trackball, video camera, other suitable I/O device, or a combination of two or more thereof. It can be any type of device that includes The I/O device may include one or more sensors. This disclosure contemplates any suitable I/O device and any suitable I/O interface 3208 thereon. Where appropriate, I/O interface 3208 may include one or more devices or software drivers that enable processor 3202 to drive one or more of these I/O devices. I/O interface 3208 may include one or more I/O interfaces 3208 as appropriate. Although this disclosure describes and describes specific I/O interfaces, this disclosure contemplates any suitable I/O interface.

In certain embodiments, communication interface 3210 includes one or more interfaces for communication (eg, such as packet-based communication) between computer system 3200 and one or more other computer systems 3200 or one or more other networks. hardware, software, or both. By way of example, and not limitation, communication interface 3210 is a network interface controller for communicating with a wireless adapter for communicating with a wireless network such as an Ethernet or other wire-based network or a wireless NIC (WNIC) or Wi-Fi network. (NIC) or network adapter. This disclosure contemplates any suitable network and any suitable communication interface 3210 thereto. By way of example, and not limitation, computer system 3200 may include an ad hoc network, a personal area network (PAN), a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a metropolitan area network MAN), a body area network (BAN), or with one or more portions of the Internet, or a combination of two or more thereof. One or more portions of one or more of these networks may be wired or wireless. As an example, computer system 3200 may include a wireless PAN (WPAN) (eg, Bluetooth WPAN), a WI-FI network, a WI-MAX network, a cellular telephone network (eg, a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) network). ), or another suitable wireless network, or a combination of two or more thereof. Computer system 3200 may include any suitable communication interface 3210 to any of these networks where appropriate. Communication interface 3210 may include one or more communication interfaces 3210 as appropriate. While this disclosure describes and describes specific communication interfaces, this disclosure contemplates any suitable communication interface.

In certain embodiments, the bus 3212 includes hardware, software, or interconnected components of the computer system 3200 to each other. For example, but not by way of limitation, bus 3212 may be an accelerated graphics port (AGP) or other graphics bus, an Enhanced Industry Standard Architecture (EISA) bus, a Front Side Bus (FSB), a Hypersentransport (HT) interconnect, an ISA ( Infiniband Interconnect) Bus, Low-Pin-Count (LPC) Bus, Memory Bus, Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) Bus, Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) Bus, PCI (PCIe) Bus, Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) Bus, VLB (Video Electronics Standards Association) local bus, or two or more other buses of these, or a combination thereof. Bus 3212 may include one or more buses 3212 as appropriate. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates a particular bus, this disclosure contemplates any suitable bus or interconnection.

33 and 34 each show an exemplary cross-sectional view of an exemplary display. In the particular embodiment shown in FIG. 1 , in the example shown in FIG. 33 , the display comprises a first glass layer, a first ITO layer, a first dielectric layer, an LC material (eg, LC SmA), a second dielectric layer, a second ITO layer and a second glass layer. 34 , the display includes a first glass layer, a first ITO layer, an LC material (eg, LC SmA), a second ITO layer, and a second glass layer. The display of FIG. 34 does not include a dielectric layer.

35A-35D show exemplary liquid crystals, respectively. In particular, Figure 35 shows the nematic, SmA, SmC and cholesteric LC alignments. In operation, the alignment can be controlled by application of an electric field. Figure 35a shows the molecules in the nematic liquid crystal phase. In a nematic liquid crystal phase, molecules have no positional order, but tend to point in the same direction, and this direction is referred to as a "director". Figure 35b shows the SmA mesophase of the liquid crystal. In Figure 32b, the director is perpendicular to the smectic plane, and there is no specific positional order. The SmA mesophase is bistable. The liquid crystal layer of the SmA intermediate phase appears transparent. Although the SmB mesophase is oriented perpendicular to the smectic plane, the molecules are arranged in a hexagonal network within the layer. 35C illustrates an SmC mesophase in which molecules are aligned as in an SmA mesophase, but the director has a constant tilt angle with respect to the normal of the Smectic plane. 35D shows the cholesteric (or chiralnematic) liquid crystal phase. Cholesteric liquid crystal phases typically consist of nematic mesogenic molecules containing chiral centers that create intermolecular forces that aid intermolecular alignment at small angles to each other. Cholesteric liquid crystal formation corresponds to a structure that can be visualized as a stack of very thin 2-D nematic layers, with the directors of each layer twisted together from above and below. In this structure, the director forms a continuous spiral pattern.

36A and 36B show examples of SmA liquid crystals in scattering and transparent states, respectively. 36a-36b show the bistable properties of the SmA mesophase of the liquid crystal. In the SmA intermediate phase of liquid crystal molecules, the molecules self-assemble into a bilayer arrangement. In the SmA intermediate phase, liquid crystal molecules have greater ionic conductivity in the direction along the layer than in the direction across the layer. This greater ionic conductivity in the direction along the layer creates an ionic electrohydrodynamic effect when a low-frequency electric field is applied. Figure 36a shows an SmA mesophase of a liquid crystal molecule with a chaotic orientation that scatters light to make it appear opaque. For example, a layer implemented as described with respect to FIG. 36A appears white. When the frequency of the electric field applied to the liquid crystal molecules increases, the ion movement is suppressed, and the liquid crystal molecules are aligned with the field through dielectric reorientation to become transparent. Fig. 36b shows an SmA mesophase of a liquid crystal molecule reoriented to realize a transparent state. Because of the high viscosity of the SmA mesophase, the SmA mesophase of the liquid crystal molecule is bistable.

In one or more embodiments, the liquid crystal molecules (liquid crystal) of FIG. 36 are not stained. Thus, a pixel appears white when controlled in an opaque state. For example, liquid crystals scatter light. In one or more embodiments, a dye is added to the liquid crystal. Dye smears color. Dyes help absorb light and also scatter unabsorbed light. Exemplary colors for the dye include, but are not limited to, black, white, silver (eg, TiO ₂ ), red, green, blue, cyan, magenta, and yellow. When a dye is added to the liquid crystal and the pixel is controlled to be opaque, the pixel appears to be the color of the dye used.

In one or more embodiments, a liquid crystal display comprising Smectic A liquid crystal may comprise one or more pixels that do not comprise a dye. In one or more embodiments, a liquid crystal display comprising Smectic A liquid crystal may comprise one or more pixels, each pixel comprising a dye. In one or more embodiments, a liquid crystal display comprising Smectic A liquid crystal may comprise a plurality of pixels in which some pixels of the display, eg, only a subset of the pixels of the display comprise a dye. Also, in certain embodiments, different dyes may be used for different pixels. For example, a liquid crystal display comprising Smectic A liquid crystal may comprise one or more pixels comprising a first dye color, one or more pixels comprising a second and different dye color, and the like. A liquid crystal display comprising Smectic A liquid crystal may contain more than two dyed pixels. For example, a liquid crystal display including Smectic A liquid crystal may include one or more pixels dyed black, one or more pixels dyed white, one or more pixels dyed silver, one or more pixels dyed red, and dyed green. one or more pixels dyed blue, one or more pixels dyed blue, one or more pixels dyed cyan, one or more pixels dyed magenta, one or more pixels dyed yellow, or any combination thereof.

37 shows an example projection system 3700 . The projection system 3700 includes a projection device 3702 and a projector 3704 . In general, a projector 3704 can project an image onto a projection device 3702 . The projector 3704 can project a large-scale image (eg, video, animation, photo, slide, or other information) onto the projection device 3702 . By way of illustrative, non-limiting example, projection device 3702 may include a projection layer of at least about 180 inches diagonally measured. The projection system 3700 may address the visibility issues associated with ambient light without consuming large amounts of power and/or heat. Also, projection system 3700 can display black color, whereas other conventional projection systems cannot display black color. For example, conventional projection systems attempt to display black as the primary color of the static surface on which the projector projects the image.

In certain embodiments, the projection device 3702 may synchronize motion with the image projected by the projector 3704 . For example, the projection layer of projection device 3702 is electronically controllable and pixel addressing to appear as white, black, substantially transparent, and/or intermediate between white and substantially transparent or black and substantially transparent. possible. Within this disclosure, pixels configured to appear as black and substantially transparent or intermediate between white and substantially transparent are referred to as "gray scale". By controlling the appearance of the display layer of the projection device 3702 to be synchronized with the projection of the image from the projector 3704, black areas of the image can be projected over areas of the projection layer configured to absorb light; White areas of the image may be projected over areas of the projection layer configured to scatter or diffuse light; Dark areas of the image may be projected over areas of the projection layer configured to appear black or dark; and/or lighter areas of the image may be projected over areas of the projection layer configured to appear brighter (eg, fainter or gray scale).

In one or more embodiments, the projection device 3702 may synchronize (eg, simultaneously ) can be displayed. For example, the projection device 3702 may display the same content on the projection layer projected by the projector 3704 synchronously in time so that the images are superimposed. In one or more other embodiments, the projection device 3702 may display a color image.

In the example of Figure 37, the projection device 3702 includes one or more light sensors 37060. In a particular embodiment, the projection device 3702 is configured to detect an edge of an image projected from the projector 3704. , including an optical sensor 3706 at the edge of the projection layer contained therein. In some embodiments, for example, a projection layer contained therein, projection device 3702 is located in the middle of the projection layer and/or the projection layer. may include one or more optical sensors, distributed over The light sensor 3706 may detect the intensity of the light and the color of the light projected from the projector 3704. In a particular embodiment, the projection device 3702 is based on the data from the light sensor 3705 and In response, it may adjust and/or calibrate the projection layer of the projection device 3702 to synchronize with the projector 3704 . For example, the projection device 3702 may project based on data obtained from the light sensor 3706 . The image(s) displayed on the display layer may be scaled to overlap with images projected from the device 3702 , and/or data obtained from the light sensor 3706 (eg, detected by the light sensor) The appearance of the pixels of the projection surface may be adjusted to appear darker or brighter based on the color and/or intensity of the emitted light.

In a particular arrangement, projector 3704 is implemented as an LCD projector. Projector 3704 may include additional components, which will be described in greater detail herein, such as a camera to aid in synchronization of images and images displayed by projection device 3702 .

In the example of FIG. 37 , computing system 3708 is coupled to signal distributor 3710 . Computing system 3708 may be any of a variety of different data processing systems including, but not limited to, a laptop computer, desktop computer, or tablet computer. An example architecture for computing system 3708 is described with respect to FIG. 32 . In one aspect, the computing system 3708 is coupled to the signal separator 3710 via a wireless connection. In another aspect, the computing system 3708 is connected to the signal distributor 3710 via a wired connection. For example, the connection between the computing system 3708 and the signal distributor 3710 may be a high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI), a video graphics array (VGA), a display port, or a digital visual interface (DVI) wired connection.

The signal distributor 3710 may receive a video signal from the computing system 3708 . From the received video signal, the signal distributor 3710 may generate a first signal provided to the projector 3704 and a second signal provided to the projection device 3702 . In one or more embodiments, the first signal and the second signal are synchronized with each other. The first signal and the second signal may be communicated via a wired or wireless (eg, via a router or direct wireless connection) connection. The projector 3704 may project an image on the projection layer of the display device 3702 in response to the first signal received from the signal distributor 3710 . The display device 3702 may display a black-and-white and/or gray-scale image in synchronization with an image projected from the projector 3704 in response to the second signal received from the signal distributor 3710 . In one or more embodiments, the projector 3704 projects a color image to the projection layer of the display device 3702 while the projection device 3702 produces the same image projected from the projector 3704 in black and white (or gray scale). The first signal and the second signal are the same so that the two images are superimposed (and aligned) on the image. In a particular embodiment, the signal splitter 3710 may output the second signal as a black-and-white or gray-scale video signal.

37 is provided for purposes of illustration and not limitation. In a particular arrangement, signal distributor 3710 is included in projector 3704 . In this case, computing system 3708 is coupled to projector 3704 . Projector 3704 is connected to projection device 3702 via a wired or wireless connection. A signal distributor 3704 located within the projector 3704 splits the received signal from the computing system 3708 to provide a first signal to the internal components of the projector 3704 and a second signal to the projection device 3702 provided to

In that case, the computing system 3708 is coupled to the projection device 3702 . A projection device 3702 is coupled within the projection device 3702 . A signal distributor 3710 located within the projection device 3702 receives a signal received from the projection device 3708 and provides a first signal to the projector 3704 and a second signal to the internal components of the projection device 3702 provided to The second signal provided to the projection device 3702 may be wired or wireless.

In a particular arrangement, the signal splitter is coupled to the projection device 3702 . In this case, the computing system 3708 is coupled to the projection device 3702 . A projection device 3702 is coupled within the projection device 3702 . A signal distributor 3710 located within the projection device 3702 splits the signal received from the projection device 3708 to provide a first signal to the projector 3704 and a second signal to the internal components of the projection device 3702 provided to The first signal may be wired or wireless.

38 shows an exemplary architecture for projector 3704 of FIG. 37 . In the example of FIG. 37 , as shown in FIG. 38 , a projector 3804 , an optical projection system 3804 , an infrared (IR) remote receiver memory 3818 , a wireless device 3808 , a cooling system 3810 , a processor 3812 , optionally a camera 3814 , memory 3818 , and user interface 3820 . For example, the power circuit 3802 can adapt the power obtained from the electrical outlet to the specific voltage and current requirements of the components of the projector 3704 . The OPS 3804 can project the image(s) from the projector 3704 . For example, the OPS 3804 may include a polarizer, an LCD panel, an analyzer, and a lens or lenses. An IR remote receiver (Rx) 3806 may receive IR commands from the remote control device and convert the commands into electrical signals provided to the processor 3812 . A wireless device 3808 may be included to communicate with a projection device 3702 , a signal distributor 3710 , and/or a computing device wireless device 3808 . Wireless device 3808 may be any of a variety of wireless devices as generally described with respect to FIG. 32 . In a particular embodiment, projector 3704 includes a communication port (not shown) that supports wired communication. Examples of communication ports include, but are not limited to, an HDMI port, a VGA port, a display port, and a DVI port. Other examples of communication ports include, but are not limited to, a USB (Universal Serial Bus) port and an Ethernet (Ethernet) port.

The cooling system 3810 may be a fan or other suitable system implemented to regulate the temperature within the projector 3704 . Processor 3812 may process image data received from the source for projection using image data obtained from OPS 3804 and/or camera 3814 . The processor 3812 may control the operation of the OPS 3804 . In certain embodiments, processor 3812 may execute instructions stored in memory 3818 . A camera 3814 may optionally be included. The camera 3814 is arranged to capture, during operation, image data of the display device 3702 , an image projected from the projector 3704 onto the projection layer of the display device 3702 , or both. For example, the camera 3814 has the same orientation as the OPS 3804 to capture the image projected from the projector 3704 onto the projection layer within the image data generated by the camera 3814 . In one or more embodiments, the processor may process the image data by detecting the image projected therein and controlling the OPS 3804 to adjust the projected image. For example, the processor 3812 can reduce the size of the projected image in response to detecting that the projected image extends beyond a projection layer of the projection device 3702 , and the projected image is displayed on the projection device 3702 . ) may increase the size of the projected image in response to detecting not using the entire area of the projection layer, and/or increase the size of the projected image based on the image data captured by the camera 3814 and/or the color, brightness, focus and /or other suitable parameters may be adjusted. User interface 3820 may include one or more controls, buttons, displays, touch interfaces, and/or switches for operating various functions of projector 3704 .

FIG. 39 shows an exemplary architecture for the projection device 3702 of FIG. 37 . In the example of FIG. 37 , in the example of FIG. 39 , the projection device 3702 includes a power circuit 3902 , a projection layer 3904 , an IR remote receiver (Rx) 3906 , a wireless device 3908 , and a display controller 3910 . ), a processor 3912 , a memory 3914 , and a user interface 3916 . The power circuit 3902 may supply power to various components of the projection device 3702 . For example, the power circuit 3902 may adapt the power obtained from the electrical outlet to the specific voltage and current requirements of the components of the projection device 3702 . In another example, the power supply circuit 3902 includes a battery and can adapt power from the battery to the specific voltage and current requirements of the components of the projection device 3702 . An IR remote receiver (Rx) 3906 receives IR commands from the remote control device and converts the commands into electrical signals that are provided to the processor 3912 . A wireless device 3908 is included to communicate with the projector 370. In certain embodiments, the projection device 3702 includes a communications port (not shown) that supports wired communications. Examples of communication ports include, but are not limited to, an HDMI port, a VGA port, a display port, and a DVI port. Other examples of communication ports include, but are not limited to, USB ports and Ethernet ports.

Processor 3912 may process image data received from sources such as signal distributor 3710 , computer system 3708 and/or projector 3704 and control operation of display controller 3910 . In certain embodiments, processor 3912 may execute instructions stored in memory 3914 . A display controller 3910 is coupled to the projection layer 3904 and may control operation of the projection layer 3904 based on instructions received from the processor 3912 . The user interface 3916 may include one or more controls, buttons, displays, a touch interface, and/or a switch for operating various functions of the projection device 3702 .

In certain embodiments, the projection layer 3904 is implemented as a single layer. A single layer can be implemented as a display. The display is electronically controllable and contains pixels or capsules. The projection layer 3904 may be pixel addressable. In one example, the projection layer 3904 can display black, white and grayscale pixels. In another example, a pixel or capsule comprises one or more different colored particles. For example, the display may be an “electronic ink” type display. The projection layer 3904 may display a projector 3704 and an image synchronized with the projector 3704 . For example, projector 3704 projects a color image that overlaps the same image displayed by projection layer 3904 .

40 shows an exploded view of an example of a projection layer 3904 . In Figure 40, the projection layer 3904 includes multiple layers. As shown, the projection layer 3904 includes a layer 4002 and a layer 4004 .

In a particular embodiment, layer 4002 is an inner layer that provides a black background. Layer 4004 is an outer layer implemented as a display with individually addressable pixels. The pixels of the layer 4004 are controllable to be transparent or to scatter light based on electronic control signals provided to the pixels from the display controller 3910 . For example, the pixels of layer 4004 may be transparent so that a black background is visible through the pixel, or scatter light to appear white and no black background is visible, or any intermediate step between transparency and scattering. They are individually controllable to be configured to appear translucent or grayscale. Thus, for regions where the pixels of layer 4004 are transparent, projection layer 3904 appears black. For regions where the pixels of layer 4004 scatter light, projection layer 3904 appears white. For regions where the pixels of layer 4004 are intermediate (eg, translucent) between transparent and scattering, projection layer 3904 appears in grayscale. The projection layer 3904 displays an image in black and white and/or grayscale synchronized with the same image projected from the projector 3704 such that the image projected from the projector 3704 overlaps the image displayed on the projection layer 3904 . do.

In a particular embodiment, layer 4002 is an inner layer that provides a white background. Layer 4004 is an outer layer implemented as a display with individually addressable pixels. The pixels of layer 4004 are controllable to be transparent, black, for example, using black particles that scatter light or any intermediate step between transparency and scattering. . For example, the pixels of layer 4004 may be made transparent such that a white background is visible through the pixel, or scatter light to appear black and no white background is visible, or any intermediate step between transparency and scattering. They are individually controllable to be configured to appear translucent or grayscale. Thus, for regions where the pixels of layer 4004 are transparent, projection layer 3904 appears white. For regions where the pixels of layer 4004 scatter light, projection layer 3904 appears black. For regions where the pixels of layer 4004 are set intermediate between transparent and scattering (eg, translucent), projection layer 3904 appears in grayscale. The projection layer 3904 displays an image in black and white and/or gray scale synchronized with the same image projected from the projector 3704 such that the image projected from the projector 3704 is superimposed with the image displayed on the projection layer 3904 . do.

In certain embodiments, the projection layer 3904 includes an inner layer and two or more outer layers. The inner layer may be black or white. The outer layers may each be color dyed. For example, each outer layer may have a different color dye. Thus, in certain embodiments, the projection layer 3904 may display a color image in synchronization with the projector 3702 .

The projection layer 3904 may be implemented using any of the various display technologies described herein. For example, layer 4002 , layer 4004 , and/or other outer layers included in projection layer 3904 may be a PDLC display, an electrochromic display, an electrodispersive display display, an electrowetting display, a suspended particle device, or any It may be implemented as an LCD of a phase (eg, nematic, TN, STN, or SmA) state.

By controlling the color and/or transparency of pixels in the display of the projection device 3702 in synchronization with the projection of the image by the projector 3704, over the area of the projection layer 3904 where the black areas of the image are controlled to absorb light. can be projected; White areas of the image may be projected over areas of the projection layer 3904 that are controlled to scatter or diffuse light; dark areas of the image may be projected over areas of the projection layer 3904 that are controlled to appear black or dark (grayscale). can be projected over an area; and/or brighter areas of the image may be projected over areas of the projection layer 3904 that are controlled to appear as light (eg, white or gray scale).

In certain embodiments, the processor 3912 may control the display controller 3910 to control the characteristics of the projection layer 3904 . For example, the processor 3912 may control and adjust light intensity, color, contrast, brightness, gamma, saturation, white balance, and/or other imaging parameters. The processor 3912 may adjust one or more or all of the characteristics to match the particular color profile stored in the memory 3914 . For example, under the control of the processor 3912 , the display controller 3910 may determine the amount of light passing through one or more outer layers of the projection layer 3904 , or reflected by one or more outer layers of the projection layer 3904 at a particular time. The amount of light is adjusted to manipulate the light intensity.

In certain embodiments, under the control of the processor 3912 , the display controller 3910 controls the projection layer 3904 , such as a refresh rate, rate of change (eg, transparency of pixels and/or capsules) or other dynamic characteristics. ) can be adjusted. Adjustment of the characteristics may be synchronized to create a visual effect and/or synchronized with the image projected from the projector 3904 . Examples of visual effects include, but are not limited to, stronger lighting and darker blacks in a brightly lit environment.

41 shows another exemplary display device 100 having a display 110 . 42 shows an exploded view of an exemplary display 110 of the display device of FIG. 41 . 41 and 42 , in a particular embodiment, the display device 100 consists of both a front display 150 and a rear display 140 implemented as a substantially transparent display. In certain embodiments, front display 150 and rear display 140 have substantially the same size and shape. 41 and 42 , the display device 100 does not have a solid backing or other layer behind the back display 140 . Accordingly, a person viewing the display device 100 from a viewing cone can view information present on the front display 150 and/or the rear display 140 , while also behind the display device 100 . You can see the located objects. Likewise, a user located behind the display device 100 can at least partially view content presented on the front display 150 and/or the rear display 140 , while also, via the display device 100 , the display An object positioned in front of the device 100 may be viewed. For example, a product (eg, a smartphone) may be displayed so that the product is located behind the display apparatus 100 , and the display apparatus 100 may show information about the product.

In certain embodiments, display 110 may display information with increased contrast. Display 110 includes an additional channel referred to as an “alpha channel”. The alpha channel facilitates increased contrast in information displayed on display 110 . In one aspect, the alpha channel facilitates the display of black colored pixels, thereby increasing the contrast in the displayed image. The alpha channel may also represent pixels of transparent, silver, white, black, grayscale, or any other suitable color as described herein. For example, pixels in the alpha channel may be controlled to appear at least partially opaque. In one or more embodiments, the pixels of the front display 150 and the rear display 140 have substantially the same size and shape. In other embodiments, the shape and/or size and/or number of pixels of the front display 140 and the rear display 150 may differ from those described herein.

In a particular embodiment, the front display 150 is a pixel addressable display. The front display 150 may be implemented as a light modulation layer. The front display 150 may be a light emitting display. In a particular embodiment, the front display 150 is a transparent OLED (TOLED) display. In one example, a TOLED display may be driven by an active matrix or a passive matrix and may have a substantially transparent area. In a particular embodiment, the front display 150 is an LCD. In one example, the front display 150 may correspond to an LCD formed of a polarizer, an LC panel, a color filter, and a polarizer. In another example, the front display 150 may correspond to an LC panel (eg, using ITO, LC and ITO materials). In certain embodiments, the front display 150 may be implemented as a light enhancement layer (eg, a light enhancer layer). For example, the front display 150 may be implemented as a QD layer. Any suitable light modulation layer or display having transparency may be used as the front display 150 .

In certain embodiments, front display 150 includes pixels capable of producing red, green and blue. In general, transparency is achieved by leaving gaps between pixels as described herein. In this regard, the TOLED display 150 is always maximally transparent. TOLED display 150 cannot produce black color. Instead, pixels intended to be black appear substantially transparent (eg, clearly). In bright environments, TOLED display 150 provides a low contrast level due to the fact that it cannot display black pixels and ambient light shines through display 110 . Contrast is generally measured as (brightest luminance - darkest luminance)/(average luminance). The brighter the ambient light, the worse the contrast.

In certain embodiments, rear display 140 is implemented as a non-emissive display. The rear display 140 is pixel addressable. For example, the rear display 140 may be a PDLC display, PSLC, electrochromic display, electrodispersive display, electrowetting display, suspended particle device, ITO display, or any phase (eg, nematic, TN, STN or SmA). ) can be implemented with the LCD. The rear display 140 is controllable to generate an alpha channel. The alpha channel controls the rear display 140 and the transparency of the pixel or pixels. For example, if rear display 140 is capable of pixel control to produce black pixels, transparent (eg, clear) pixels, or an intermediate level between black and transparent (eg, translucent), the alpha channel is By controlling transparency to determine whether the pixels of the display 140 are to be viewed as black, transparent, or in a particular shade of gray. Where pixel control is possible such that rear display 140 produces white pixels, transparent pixels, or various levels of transparent pixels (eg, translucent pixels), the alpha channel indicates that pixels of rear display 140 are white, transparent, or Controls transparency to determine whether or not to be seen as translucent. In one or more embodiments, the rear display 140 does not require the use of color filters. In one or more embodiments, the rear display 140 does not require a polarizer.

In a particular embodiment, the rear display 140 is aligned with the front display 150 as described herein. For example, the pixels of the rear display 140 may be aligned with the pixels of the front display 150 . As an illustrative example, pixels of the rear display 140 may overlap pixels of the front display 150 . As another example, a pixel of the rear display 140 may overlap a substantially transparent area of the pixels of the front display 150 such that it may be viewed through the substantially transparent areas. As such, the pixels of the rear display 140 may be substantially transparent, black, white, gray scale, or other suitable color depending on the particular display technology used so that the pixels of the front display 150 can be seen through the substantially transparent areas of the pixels of the front display 150 . controllable to display. For example, the rear display 140 may display a white, black image that is substantially transparent by the pixels of the front display 150 (eg, the red, green, and blue sub-pixels of these pixels are off). and/or to display a white, black and/or grayscale pixel aligned with a selected pixel of the front display 150 , corresponding to the grayscale regions.

In certain embodiments, display 110 may display an image comprising one or more black areas. The rear display 140 may display the black area by controlling the pixels corresponding to the black area of the image to be black. Pixels of the front display 150 corresponding to the black regions of the image are controlled to be transparent. As such, when viewing the front of device 100 to create a black portion of the image, black pixels from rear display 140 may be visible. By displaying black pixels as opposed to using transparent pixels to represent black, the contrast of the display 110 is improved.

In certain embodiments, display 110 may display an image comprising one or more white areas. The rear display 140 may display the white area by controlling the pixel corresponding to the white area of the image to be white. Pixels of the front display 150 that correspond to the white areas of the image are controlled to appear transparent. As such, when viewing the front of device 100 to create a white portion of the image, white pixels from rear display 140 may be visible.

In certain embodiments, display 110 may display an image comprising one or more grayscale regions. The rear display 140 may display the grayscale area by controlling the pixels corresponding to the grayscale area of the image to be displayed in grayscale. Pixels of the front display 150 corresponding to the grayscale regions of the image are controlled to be transparent. As such, when viewing the front of device 100 to create grayscale portions of an image, grayscale pixels from rear display 140 may be visible.

In certain embodiments, rear display 140 controls so that pixels aligned with pixels of front display 150 displaying red, green or blue appear at least partially opaque or opaque (black, white or grayscale) can do. The rear display 140 is made to appear opaque at least on the rear display 140 by displaying opaque pixels or at least partially opaque pixels on the rear display 140 that overlap behind pixels of the front display 150 displaying color. Blocks ambient light from behind the display 110 for pixels controlled to By reducing ambient light, the contrast of the display 110 is improved.

As a non-limiting example for illustrative purposes, referring to FIG. 41 , the portion 4102 of the image displayed on the display 110 displays the image 4204 superimposed on the image 4204 on the front display 150 . It is formed by the rear display 140 . The pixels of rear display 140 forming image 4202 may be black, white or grayscale. The pixels of image 4204 of front display 150 may be of any color. Pixels of rear display 140 that form image 4202 provide increased contrast to the resulting combined image 4102 of display 110 by blocking ambient light from behind the display device 100 .

In certain embodiments, the rear display 140 is pixel addressable. In other embodiments, rear display 140 may address rows or address columns to provide an area configured to control transparency and scatter, reflect, or absorb light. In one or more embodiments, rear display 140 may include a single pixel controllable to display transparent, grayscale, white or black. A single pixel of rear display 140 is approximately the same size as rear display 140 so that the entire rear display can be electronically controlled to an all-uniform white, all-uniform black, fully-uniform transparent, or entirely uniform grayscale. can be size. It should be noted, however, that a single pixel of rear display 140 may be dyed to appear black, white, silver, red, green, blue, cyan, magenta, or yellow. In some embodiments, display 110 uses side lighting or front lighting in an LCD configuration. In some embodiments, display 110 includes a touch input layer. It should be noted that display 110 may operate under the control of a video controller and/or processor (not shown).

43A to 43E show examples of partially-emissive pixels having an alpha channel. In certain embodiments, the partially emissive pixel 160 may have any suitable shape, such as, for example, a square, a rectangle, or a circle. The exemplary partially emissive pixel 160 shown in FIGS. 43A-E has sub-pixels and alpha regions having various arrangements, shapes, and sizes. In the example of FIGS. 43A - 43E , the alpha region is provided by the rear display 140 . The front display 150 provides red, green and blue sub-pixels and substantially transparent areas through which the alpha region of the rear display 140 can be seen.

In FIG. 43A , a partially emissive pixel 160 includes three adjacent rectangular sub-pixels (“R”, “G” and “B”) and an alpha region located below the three sub-pixels, the alpha region being 3 It has approximately the same size as sub-pixels. In FIG. 43B , a partially emissive pixel 160 includes three adjacent rectangular sub-pixels and an alpha region positioned adjacent to the blue sub-pixel, the alpha region having approximately the same size and shape as each sub-pixel. In FIG. 43C , the partially emissive pixel 160 is subdivided into four quadrants having three sub-pixels occupying three of the quadrants and an alpha region located in the fourth quadrant. In FIG. 43C , a partially emissive pixel 160 has four square sub-pixels with transparent regions located between and around the four sub-pixels. In FIG. 43E , a partially emissive pixel 160 has four circular sub-pixels with an alpha region located between and around the four sub-pixels. Although this disclosure describes and exemplifies specific sub-pixels having a specific arrangement, shape and size, and specific sub-pixels having an alpha region, any suitable sub-pixel having any suitable arrangement, shape and size and having an alpha region. Any suitable partially emissive pixel is contemplated.

In a particular embodiment, the pixels of the rear display 140 shown in FIGS. 43A-E are sized and aligned with the transparent areas of the partially emissive pixel of the front display 150 . In another embodiment, the pixels of the rear display 140 shown in FIGS. 43A-E are sized and aligned with all of the partially emissive pixels of the front display 150 . In this case, for example, the pixels of the rear display 140 would be sized to the area of the pixels of the front display 150 including the red, green and blue sub-pixels and the substantially transparent area.

44 shows another implementation example of the display 110 . 44 , front layer 150 includes partially emissive pixels 160 . In a particular embodiment, the partially emissive pixel of layer 150 includes three adjacent sub-pixels (“R”, “G” and “B”), shown as sub-pixel 4402 , and back layer 140 . A pixel of α provides an alpha region 4404 . Transparent conductive lines 4406 provide control signals for the “R”, “G” and “B” sub-pixels 4402 of the front display 150 .

As described with reference to FIG. 43 , the alpha region is created by the rear display 140 and can be seen through the transparent region of the partially emissive pixel of the front display 150 . In the example of FIG. 44 , sub-pixel 4402 is an OLED. Alpha region 4404 is configurable to display transparent, black, grayscale, or white depending on the particular implementation of rear display 140 . In the example of FIG. 44 , the alpha region 4404 - 1 is configured to display white or appear opaque. Alpha region 4404-2 is configured to display black or absorb light. The example of Figure 44 shows that the front display 150, which is a TOLED display, need not include a fixed black mask that allows the front display 150 to achieve higher transparency than other TOLED displays while still providing increased contrast. show

In a particular embodiment, referring to FIGS. 40-41 , when a white (black) region of the image is displayed by the display 110 , the pixels of the rear display 140 corresponding to the white (black) region are white ( is controlled to appear in black). The pixels of the front display 150 corresponding to the white (black) region are controlled such that the “R”, “G” and “B” sub-pixels are turned off. In a particular embodiment, referring to FIGS. 40-41 , the transparency of a pixel of the rear display 140 corresponding to a selected area of the image is white, grayscale, black, or other color to block or at least partially block ambient light. controlled to appear as The pixels of the front display 150 corresponding to the selected region of the image are controlled such that the “R”, “G” and “B” sub-pixels are properly lit to produce the intended color. Further, the amount of substantially transparent area used may be varied based on the application or use of the display 110 to achieve the desired transparency and pixel density.

45 shows an exploded view of an exemplary display device including a camera. In the example of FIG. 45 , the display device 100 includes a camera 4502 . The camera 4502 may capture images and/or video (hereinafter collectively referred to as “image data”). The camera 4502 may be mounted on a case or housing of the display device 100 , as described with respect to FIG. 5 , outwardly facing the inside of a viewing cone in front of the front display 150 . can be directed towards

Camera 4502 is coupled to memory 4504 . Memory 4504 is coupled to processor 4506 . An example of a memory and processor is described herein with respect to FIG. 32 . In an aspect, memory 4504 may be implemented as a local memory configured to store data such as commands and image data from camera 4502 . The processor 4506 is configured to control the transparency of the addressable regions of pixels of a transparent display (eg, rear display 140 ) and partially emissive pixels of a transparent color display (eg, front display 150 ). An instruction stored in memory 4504 may be executed to initiate an operation.

The processor 4506 may execute instructions stored in the memory 4502 to analyze the image data. In a particular embodiment, the processor 4506 may detect a gaze of a person within a viewing cone from the image data and based on the angle of the gaze or the user's gaze relative to the surface of the display 110 , the front display 150 . ) may determine a see-through overlap of pixels of the rear display 140 and the pixels of the rear display 140 . and/or one or more or all of the addressable areas of the partially emissive pixels of the front display 150 . For example, by adjusting the transparency of the pixels of the rear display 140 and/or the addressable area of the partially emissive pixels of the front display 150 as described above, the processor 4506 may The operation of the rear display 140 may be synchronized with the front display 150 such that any areas of the image align with the user's viewing angle (eg, gaze). The processor 4506 may dynamically adjust the images displayed on the rear display 140 and the front display 150 for alignment according to changes in the user's viewing angle (eg, gaze) over time.

For example, the processor 4506 may perform object recognition on the image data to detect a human or a user within the image data. In one version, the processor 4506 detects the user's face and recognizes features such as eyes. The processor 4506 may determine the user's gaze direction with respect to the surface of the display 110 . The processor 4506 may determine the perspective overlap of the pixels of the front display 150 with respect to the pixels of the rear display 140 based on the direction of the user's gaze.

Exemplary embodiments described herein enhance the contrast of a display by blocking ambient light and/or creating black pixels. The ability to increase contrast as described means that the front display 150, eg, a transparent color display, can operate at low brightness. For example, the front display 150 may reduce the amount of current delivered in the lines driving the “R”, “G” and “B” sub-pixels. Reducing the current required to drive the display 110 facilitates improved scalability of the panel size, improved lifespan of the display 110, and helps reduce eye fatigue experienced by the user.

41-45 , in one or more embodiments, the rear display 140 may include one or more pixels that do not include a dye. In one or more embodiments, rear display 140 may include one or more pixels, each pixel comprising a dye. In one or more embodiments, rear display 140 may include a plurality of pixels in which some pixels of rear display 140 , eg, only a subset of the pixels include a dye. Also, in certain embodiments, different dyes may be used for different pixels. For example, rear display 140 may include one or more pixels comprising a first dye color, one or more pixels comprising a second dye color and another dye color, and the like. The rear display 140 may include three or more colored pixels. For example, rear display 140 may include one or more pixels dyed black, one or more pixels dyed white, one or more pixels dyed silver, one or more pixels dyed red, one or more pixels dyed green, The one or more pixels may include one or more pixels dyed cyan, one or more pixels dyed magenta, one or more pixels dyed yellow, or any combination thereof.

The rear display 140 is configured such that the pixel(s) (eg, portions) displayed or visible behind the pixels of the front display 150 when the pixels of the front display 150 are controlled to be transparent (eg, clearly) visible. Depending on the particular color of the emissive pixel), one or more different color regions of the image emitted by the front display 150 may be displayed. Rear display 140 may also display other color pixels (eg, at least partially opaque) behind, eg, overlapping with, pixels of front display 150 that are controlled to display color. In this regard, the alpha channel may be implemented using one or more pixels, either dyed or undyed. A dyed pixel may comprise black, white, silver, red, green, blue, cyan, magenta, yellow, or any combination of dyed pixels.

The display 110 configured as described in relation to FIGS. 41 to 45 may display an image including colors ranging from transparent to black or transparent to white by changing the transparency of pixels of the rear display 140 in units of pixels. can 41-45, the display 110 may be incorporated into any of a variety of other devices, devices, or systems. Exemplary devices that may include display 110 include: a tablet computer; mobile phone; large format display; public display; window; laptop computer; camera; see-through display; head-mounted display; head-up display; virtual reality equipment such as headsets, glasses, mobile phones and tablet computers; augmented reality equipment such as headsets, glasses, mobile phones and tablet computers; and other suitable devices.

46 shows an exploded view of another example display 110 . In FIG. 46 , front display 150 and rear display 140 are aligned as described herein. For example, the pixels of the front display 150 and the rear display 140 may be aligned such that their boundaries are located directly above or below each other and/or the transparent area of a pixel of one display addresses the pixels of another display. It can be arranged to overlap with possible areas, and vice versa. The rear display 140 may be implemented as a color display. For example, rear display 140 may be implemented as any suitable light emitting (eg, emitting) or light modulating layer. Exemplary implementations of rear display 140 include, but are not limited to, LCD, OLED, and QD. The rear display 140 may or may not be transparent. The front display 150 is implemented as a transparent display that can selectively scatter ambient light or diffuse light from the rear display 140 to create a visual effect. Exemplary implementations of the front display 150 include a PDLC display, an electrochromic display, an electrodispersive display, an electrowetting display, a suspended particle device, an ITO display, or any phase (eg, nematic, TN, STN, choleste). rig or SmA), or any LC display. Display 110 may also include a touch sensitive layer.

In certain embodiments, front display 150 includes one or more reflective, transflective, or emissive display layers. The front display 150 may act as a diffuser to facilitate the creation of any of a variety of visual effects, such as blurring and white enhancement. Examples of other types of blur include vignetting, speed/motion, depth, highlight layers, privacy, transitions, frames, censored blocks and textures.

In certain embodiments, display 110 may use a luminescent or light modulated display as rear display 140 , front display 150 as described, and may incorporate front lighting. In certain embodiments, the display 110 may use a luminescent or light modulated display as the rear display 140 , the front display 150 as described, and may include a backlight. In one or more embodiments where back lighting or front lighting is used, device 110 may also include side lighting. The display 110 may include a touch-sensitive layer regardless of whether front lighting, back lighting and/or side lighting are used.

In certain embodiments, spacers 4602 are optionally included within display 110 . The addition of spacers 4602 is operable to increase the amount of scatter generated by the front display 150 . For example, the spacer 4602 can be adjusted to vary the distance between the rear display 140 and the front display 150 . Spacer 4602 may be controlled electronically or mechanically. By further varying the distance between the rear display 140 and the front display 150 , the amount of scatter generated by the front display 150 may be increased or decreased. For example, increasing the distance between the rear display 140 and the front display 150 increases the amount of scatter generated by the front display 150 .

The display 110 may operate in a plurality of different modes. In the first mode, the rear display 140 is turned on to display a color image while the front display 150 is transparent. In the second mode, the rear display is off while the front display 150 , which may include a display layer of bi-stability, consumes little power and may display images or other information. In a third or “ambient” mode, the display 110 may enhance white by diffusing ambient light using the front display 150 . In a fourth or “backlit” mode, the display 110 may enhance white by diffusing ambient light while using the rear display 140 to create white pixels. In the fifth mode, the display 110 may create a blurring effect by using the front display 150 to diffuse the pixels of the rear display 140 .

In the example of FIG. 46 , the front display 150 is configured to display a frame 4604 that appears white using a blur effect. Area 4606 of front display 150 is transparent so that a person can view content displayed on rear display 140 immediately behind transparent area 4606 of front display 150 . For example, the word "Hello" is displayed by the rear display 140 and is shown through a transparent area 4606 of the front display 150 having a frame 4604 surrounding the content.

In the example of FIG. 46 , a processor 4608 and memory 4610 are included. The processor 4608 is configured to control operation of the rear display 140 and the front display 150 . In one or more embodiments, the processor 4608 may control the display 110 via a display controller. In one or more embodiments, processor 4608 and/or memory 4610 is part of a display controller. The processor 4610 may initiate various modes of operation of the display 110 described herein. In certain embodiments, the display 110 may operate in an ambient mode, in which the rear display 140 may emit or modulate light to produce an image under control of the processor 4608 while the front Display 150 scatters ambient light and diffuses light from rear display 140 under control of processor 4608 . The processor 4608 can synchronize the operation of the rear display 140 and the front display 150 to create the visual effects described herein.

In certain embodiments, display 110 is configured such that front display 150 enhances white by diffusing ambient light in combination with rear display 140 that produces white pixels aligned with diffuse pixels of front display 150 . Operates in working backlight mode. Using both the rear display 140 and the front display 150 to produce white pixels produces pixels that appear white, especially in bright lighting environments, because the current required to drive the white pixels of the rear display 140 is small. The amount of power used by the display 110 is reduced to The ability to display white without using bright white pixels from the rear display 140 further helps to reduce eye strain for users in low light environments.

In certain embodiments, processor 4608 may receive a signal specifying image data that may be stored in memory 4610 . Image data includes information embedded therein as other layers, channels or tags. The embedded information also encodes certain visual effects to be implemented by the display 110 in time with the image data displayed by the display 110 . In one type, embedded information is obtained or read by the processor 4608 from image data for implementing a particular visual effect embodied therein. In response to reading the embedded information, the processor 4608 controls the front display 150 and/or the rear display 140 to produce the visual effect specified by the embedded information. The processor 4608 controls the rear display 140 and the front display 150 to operate in synchronization with each other.

In certain embodiments, the processor 4608 may perform image processing on image data obtained from the received signal. The processor 4608 may detect a particular condition in the image data that causes the processor 4608 to initiate or implement a particular visual effect. In this manner, the processor 4608 may process the received video signal to determine when to activate a scattering layer, such as, for example, the front display 150 . For example, the processor 4608 may dynamically activate the front display 150 in real time in response to detecting a predetermined condition from the image data. The condition may be conveyed in a received signal or embedded in the image data. Refers to the properties of the content of the image data as opposed to other information.

As an illustrative, non-limiting example, the processor 4608 may analyze the image data and detect inappropriate content. For example, the processor 4608 may detect inappropriate content by performing optical character recognition or other object identification. In this case, the processor 4608 may implement a blurring effect by controlling the operation of the front display 150 to hide or cover the entire rear display 140 or an area of the rear display 140 determined to display inappropriate content. have. In another example, the processor 4608 can control the display 150 and/or the rear display 140 to identify white areas in the image data and to enhance these areas when displayed on the display 110 . In another example, the processor 4204 can detect a particular pattern or texture in the image data and control the front display 150 to enhance the pattern or texture.

In one or more embodiments, the processor 4608 may detect embedded information in the received signal or embedded in the image data, while also dynamically applying visual effects based on other conditions detected within the image data. can do.

In certain embodiments, a user interface is provided. The user interface may be included in and/or generated and displayed on the display 110 and may include one or more buttons, switches, or touch interfaces. Via the user interface, a user may configure aspects of the operation of the display 110 . Examples of actions a user may configure via the user interface include activating or deactivating the front display 150 , selecting a source for creating a visual effect, specifying a particular visual effect that may or will be used, one or more visual effects Or it may be the embodiment of the intensity or amount of each of the visual effects, but is not limited thereto. With respect to source selection, for example, the user can determine whether a visual effect is selected based on tags or other information embedded in the image data, or based on image processing (eg, dynamically), or both. You can specify whether or not to be authorized.

The display 110, as described with reference to FIG. 46, may be incorporated for use within any of a variety of other types of devices, appliances, or systems. For example, the display 110 may be used to implement a television, public display, monitor, mobile phone, tablet computer, electronic reader, advertising panel, wearable device, digital camera, head-up display, and transparent display. .

47A-47J show examples of visual effects that may be implemented by the display 110 described in connection with FIG. 46 . 47A shows an example of blurring implemented by front display 150 to create a vignette 4702 over image 4704 displayed by rear display 140 . In this example, the vignette 4702 appears white and appears opaque near the edges of the display 110 , showing increased transparency moving towards the center of the display 110 so that the image 4704 can be viewed. Start.

47B shows an example of blurring implemented by the front display 150 to create a speed or motion effect on the image displayed by the rear display 140 . In FIG. 47B , the image displayed by the rear display 140 is in focus or sharp. The front display 150 operates to blur certain areas of the image displayed by the rear display 140 to create the motion effect shown in FIG. 47B .

47C shows an example of blurring implemented by the front display 150 to create a depth effect over the image displayed by the rear display 140 . In the example of FIG. 47C , the front display 150 is controlled to be transparent for the area displayed by the rear display 140 that includes the objects 4706 or shapes located closer within the field of view. For areas displayed by rear display 140 that include objects such as objects 4708 or shapes located further away from the field of view, front display 150 is controlled to apply blurring. For example, the front display 150 is controlled to apply increased blurring to objects further away from the field of view.

47D shows an example of blurring implemented by front display 150 to create a privacy effect. In the example of FIG. 47D , rear display 140 displays an image and front display 150 applies a blurring effect to regions 4710 and 4712 to obscure the face and/or identity of a person in the image. create The blurring effect of the front display 150 is superimposed over the area of the rear display 140 to be blurred. The effect shown in FIG. 47D can also be used to mask or hide inappropriate content including text parts.

47E shows an example of blurring and white enhancement to create a layer effect. In the example of FIG. 47E , the rear display 140 displays the image, and the front display 150 creates a layer on top of the image. Layers created by front display 150 are blurred to create shaded areas 4704 that include, for example, one or more graphics or touch controls (created with white opaque pixels) such as text 4716 . use The front display 150 may further include a substantially transparent sub-region 4718 through which the image displayed on the rear display 140 may be viewed.

47F-47H show examples of blurring and/or white enhancement used to create a transition effect. The transition effect is shown moving from Figure 47 to Figure 47G, Figure 47H. The blurring and/or white enhancement produced by the front display 150 may be adjusted over time in synchronization with changes in the image or shapes displayed on the rear display 140 to create a transition effect or motion effect. .

47I shows an example of blurring used to create a frame effect. The frame effect is an effect similar to the vignette effect described in relation to FIG. 47A. For the frame effect, the front display 150 is controlled to produce a sharper edge as opposed to a slower transition from an opaque pixel to a substantially transparent pixel. For example, region 4720 is opaque, region 4722 is grayscale, and region 4720 is opaque, such that an image displayed by rear display 140 can be viewed, eg, as generated by front display 150 . (4724) is transparent.

47J shows an example of blurring and/or white enhancement used to create a texturing effect. In the example of FIG. 47J , the blurring and/or white enhancement implemented by the front display 150 is used to add texture to the image displayed by the rear display 140 .

48 shows an exploded view of another example display 110 . In the example of FIG. 48 , layers 140 and 150 are electronically controllable. Layer 140 and layer 150 are pixel addressable. The example shown in FIG. 48 may also include a touch input layer (not shown). For purposes of discussion, layer 150 may represent one or more layers of a particular embodiment, and may be referred to as an outer layer or outer layers. Layer 140 and layer 150 may be aligned as described in this disclosure. For example, the pixels of layer 150 and layer 140 may be such that their boundaries are located directly above or below each other, and/or the transparent area of a pixel of one display is addressable of a pixel of another display. They can be aligned to overlap the region, and vice versa.

In certain embodiments, display 110 is configured to implement a volumetric display capable of generating a three-dimensional (3D) view using a plurality of different layers. For example, each of the layers 140 and 150 may display a 2D image. The specific layer 140 or 150 on which a given portion of the image is displayed creates a 3D view. The 3D view presented depends, at least in part, on the spatial resolution corresponding to the interfloor space. For example, in the (x, y, z) coordinate system, the x and y coordinates correspond to the left-right and up-down directions of the layer, respectively. The z-coordinate is implemented by selecting a layer 140 or 150 (eg, a specific one of a plurality of layers representing a depth or z-coordinate).

In certain embodiments, layers 140 and 150 are implemented as electronically controllable layers. Layer 150, which may represent one or more layers, may be implemented as any of a variety of transparent displays described within this disclosure capable of reflecting, scattering, and/or diffusing light. For example, layer 150 may be a PDLC display, an electrochromic display, an electrodispersive display, an electrowetting display, a suspended particle device, an ITO display, or any phase (eg, nematic, STN, cholesteric, or SmA). It can be implemented as an LCD or any LC display in the The outer layer, such as layer 150, may be dyed. Layer 150 is pixel addressable for display transparently for scattering, reflection, absorption, or any intermediate steps in between. For example, layer 150 is electronically controllable to reflect, scatter, or absorb ambient light and/or light from a backlight or front light. Layer 140 may be implemented as a color display. In another example, layer 140 may be implemented as a display capable of producing different light intensities for different pixels.

In certain embodiments, display 110 may implement one or more parallax barriers. In a parallax configuration, the display 110 may display different images at different times. In a particular embodiment, the field of view corresponds to a human eye, thereby creating a 3D image. In certain embodiments, the point views correspond to different people's positions, such that different people can view different images displayed simultaneously by display 110 . In the latter case, each person simultaneously views a different image, based on that person's point of view with respect to the display 110 .

In a parallax structure, a layer 150 , which may represent one or more layers, as described herein blocks, diffuses and/or scatters light in a particular direction to create a parallax barrier to create a light field display. It may be any of a variety of layers as described above. For example, layer 150 may be used for a PDLC display, an electrochromic display, an electrodispersive display, an electrowetting display, a suspended particle device, an ITO display, or any phase (eg, nematic, STN, cholesteric, or SmA). ) can be implemented with an LCD or any LC display. Layer 150 is pixel addressable for display transparently for scattering, reflection, absorption or any intermediate steps in between. For example, layer ( 150 is electronically controllable to reflect, scatter, or absorb ambient light and/or light from a backlight or front light In one or more embodiments, layer 150 may be dyed.

In a volumetric or parallax configuration, in certain embodiments, display 110 optionally includes spacers between layers 140 and 150 . Where layer 150 represents multiple layers, spacers may be included between each pair of adjacent layers. In an alternative embodiment, some spacers may be omitted, such that some pairs of adjacent layers have spacers while other pairs of adjacent layers have no spacers. Spacers may be used in embodiments implementing volumetric displays and/or embodiments implementing parallax configurations.

In certain embodiments, the spacers may be embodied in a solid and fixed to create a certain distance between the layers. In certain embodiments, the spacing between adjacent layers may be mechanically adjusted using, for example, a motor. In certain embodiments, the separation distance between adjacent layers may be electronically controlled using, for example, a piezoelectric actuator.

In certain embodiments where the separation distance between at least one pair of adjacent layers is adjusted, this adjustment may be dynamically controlled during operation of the display 110 . For example, the processor may control a mechanical and/or electronic mechanism used to adjust the separation distance to compensate and/or modify the output of the display 110 . The spacing between two adjacent layers may be filled with an air gap or index matching liquid.

49 shows an exploded view of an example parallax implementation of the display 110 . 49, layer 140 is displaying two different images. Pixels or regions marked with “L” represent the portion of the first image viewable from viewpoint 4902 located to the left of center when facing the front of display 110 . Pixels or regions marked with “R” represent the portion of the second image viewable from viewpoint 4904 located to the right of center when facing forward of display 110 .

As shown, layer 150 implements a parallax barrier. The parallax barrier layer 150 creates transparent and black areas, as shown. Layer 150 is controlled to block, diffuse and/or scatter light in a specific direction. As such, at viewpoint 4902, the person sees only the "L" portion corresponding to the first image. At viewpoint 4904, the person sees only the "R" portion corresponding to the second image. In a particular arrangement, the spacing of regions within layer 140 and layer 150 is such that viewpoint 4902 and viewpoint 4904 represent the positions of the human eye. In this case, each eye of the user simultaneously sees a different image, and accordingly, a 3D effect appears based on the displayed two images.

In certain arrangements, the spacing of regions within layer 140 (e.g., L and R) and regions within layer 150 can be large such that viewpoints 4902 and 4904 can represent different positions in which different people stand at the same time. have. In this case, the first person standing at viewpoint 4902 sees the first image when looking at the front of display 110 . A second person standing at view 4904 at the same time as the first person standing at view 4902 sees a second image when looking at the front of display 110 . As such, when a first person is located at viewpoint 4902 and a second person is located at viewpoint 4904, each person simultaneously sees a different image.

50A-50C show example views of a parallax configuration of display 110 of FIG. 49 . 50A illustrates what a person located at viewpoint 4902 sees when looking at the front of display 110 . From viewpoint 4902, the person sees the first image. 50B illustrates what a person positioned between viewpoint 4902 and viewpoint 4904 sees when viewing the front of display 110 . FIG. 50C shows what a person located at viewpoint 4904 sees when looking at the front of display 110 . From viewpoint 4904, the person sees a second image that is different from the first image. Again, the person located at viewpoint 4902 sees the first image at the same time as the second person located at viewpoint 4904 sees the second image.

In certain embodiments, additional parallax barrier layers may be added to the display 110 . As noted, for example, layer 150 may be formed of one or more different layers. As an additional parallax barrier layer is added, the display 110 may simultaneously display two or more different images to people located at different viewpoints.

FIG. 51 shows an exploded view of an example of a volumetric implementation of the display 110 of FIG. 48 . In the example of FIG. 51 , the display 110 may generate a 3D image. As shown, display 110 includes layers 5102 , 5104 , 5106 , 5108 , 5110 , 5112 , 5114 , 5116 , 5118 and 5120 . As shown, the layers 5102-5120 taken collectively display a 3D view of the sphere. Layers 5102-5120 are electronically controllable using, for example, a processor and appropriate interface/drive circuitry (eg, a display controller not shown). In this example, each of the layers 5102-5120 is pixel addressable to display a different slice or portion of the sphere.

In the example of FIG. 51 , display 110 may include backlighting or front lighting. In the case of phononlighting, display 110 may also include layers that are side-illuminated. Also, the display 110 may include one or more color filters. In a particular embodiment, the color filter may be an RGB color filter of the configuration described with respect to Figures 17A, 18A-18E. The exemplary filter of the configuration of Figures 17A, 18A-18E may be used between the layers of the volume display example.

52 shows another example of a color filter configuration. In the example of FIG. 52 , the color filter configurations are cyan (C), yellow (Y), yellow (Y) and magenta (M). The example filter configuration of FIG. 52 may be used between the layers of the volume display example.

53 shows another example of a color filter configuration. In the example of FIG. 52 , the color filter configurations are cyan (C), yellow (Y), green (G), and magenta (M). The example filter configuration of FIG. 52 may be used between the layers of the volume display example.

In certain embodiments, a processor, memory, interfacer/drive circuitry and/or video controller are included in display 110 . In certain embodiments, the display 110 further includes a camera as generally described with respect to FIG. 45 . The processor operates to control the layers 140 , 150 and/or other layers included in the display 140 . The processor may, for example, calculate a separation distance between pair(s) of adjacent layers and adjust the separation distance. The processor may analyze image data obtained from the camera to track the position and/or posture of the user in the field of view of the camera located in front of the display 110 and/or to perform gaze detection. Based on the analysis, the processor may calculate the separation distance between the layers, and adjust the separation distance between the layers to obtain the calculated separation distance.

54 shows an example of a method 5400 of implementing a display. In one or more embodiments, method 5400 is used to implement a display as described herein with respect to FIGS. 41-45 .

At block 5402 , a first transparent display is provided. The first transparent display may be manufactured including, for example, a plurality of pixels. The transparency of each of the plurality of pixels of the first display may be electronically controlled. In one or more embodiments, the plurality of pixels of the first transparent display may be electronically controlled to display transparent, white, grayscale, or black.

At block 5404 , a second transparent display is provided. In one or more embodiments, the second transparent display may be fabricated to emit an image. In an exemplary embodiment, the second transparent display may be positioned in front of the first transparent display. In a particular embodiment, the second transparent display is a color transparent display. In one version, the second transparent display includes a plurality of partially emissive pixels, each partially emissive pixel having an addressable area and a transparent area.

In one or more embodiments, the second transparent display is an emissive display and the first transparent display is a non-emissive display. For example, the non-luminescent display may be a polymer dispersed liquid crystal display, an electrochromic display, an electrodispersive display, or an electrowetting display. The light emitting display may be a liquid crystal display, a light emitting diode display, or an organic light emitting diode display. In certain embodiments, the emissive display is a transparent organic light emitting diode display and the non-emissive display is an electrophoretic display. In another embodiment, the emissive display is a transparent light emitting diode display and the non-emissive display is a liquid crystal display comprising Smectic A liquid crystal.

At block 5406 , a device comprising a first transparent display and a second transparent display displays the image or series of images. In one or more embodiments, the black regions of the image are visible by making the regions of the second transparent display corresponding to the black regions of the image transparent and the regions of the first transparent display corresponding to the black regions of the image appear black. In one or more embodiments, the image is displayed where an area of the second transparent display that corresponds to a color area of the image displays color and an area of the first transparent display that corresponds to the color area appears opaque. The operation described for displaying the color region of the image may be performed simultaneously with the operation for displaying the black region of the image.

In a particular embodiment, the pixels of the first transparent display are aligned with the partially emissive pixels of the second transparent display and can be seen through the transparent area of the partially emissive pixel of the second transparent display.

At block 5408 , memory and a processor are optionally provided. The memory may store instructions. The processor is coupled to the memory. In response to executing the instructions, the processor may initiate operations to control the transparency of the pixels of the first transparent display and the addressable regions of the partially emissive pixels of the second transparent display.

In one or more embodiments, a camera is optionally provided. For example, the camera may generate image data for a viewing cone in front of the second transparent display. As mentioned, the second transparent display may be positioned in front of the first transparent display. The processor may, for example, analyze the image data and detect a gaze of a person within the viewing cone from the image data. The processor may also determine a see-through overlap of the pixels of the second transparent display to the pixels of the first transparent display based on the user's gaze or location.

In certain embodiments, the processor may adjust the pixels of the first transparent display, and/or the pixels of the second transparent display, based on the perspective overlap. For example, the processor may map regions of the image displayed by the first transparent display to a corresponding region of the image displayed by the second transparent display for a given perspective overlap (eg, the angle of the user's gaze and/or position relative to the display).

In the figure, the first transparent display and the second transparent display may be substantially parallel to each other (eg, as shown in FIG. 42 ). In an operating mode, with the first transparent display and the second transparent display substantially aligned, the regions displayed by the first transparent display (of the image) are corresponding regions (of the same image) displayed by the second display. is aligned with The processor moves them such that the regions displayed by the first display and/or corresponding regions of the same image displayed by the second transparent display are aligned when viewed from the user's viewing angle (eg, varying viewing angle). can do it

55 illustrates an example method 5500 for operation of a display. In one or more embodiments, the display is implemented with the example display described with respect to FIGS. 41-45 .

At block 5902, an image to be displayed on a device is received. The device may receive an image from the device's camera, from other circuitry of the device, from a source external to the device, from the device's memory, or in response to a processor of the device executing instructions. The device may include a first transparent display and a second transparent display. The first transparent display may include a plurality of pixels, wherein the transparency of each of the plurality of pixels is electronically controlled. The second transparent display may emit an image.

In one or more embodiments, the second transparent display is a color transparent display. In certain embodiments, the second transparent display is positioned in front of the first transparent display.

At block 5504, the image is displayed on the device. In one or more embodiments, the black areas of the image are visible by making the areas of the second transparent display transparent that correspond to the black areas of the image and blacking the areas of the first transparent display corresponding to the black areas of the image. In one or more embodiments, regions of the second transparent display that correspond to a color region of the image display color, and regions of the first transparent display that correspond to the color region appear opaque. The operations described for displaying the color regions of the image may be performed concurrently with the operations for displaying the black regions of the image.

At block 5506 , perspective overlap is optionally determined. For example, the processor may determine a perspective overlap of a pixel of a second transparent display with respect to a pixel of a first transparent display. Perspective overlap may be determined using image processing by detecting the user's viewing angle and/or gaze from image data obtained by a camera that may be coupled within the device. Perspective overlap indicates whether an area of an image displayed by a first transparent display aligns with an area of the same image displayed by a second transparent display within a given user's viewing angle (eg, gaze and/or position). .

At block 5508 , one or more pixels of the first and/or second display are selectively adjusted based on the perspective overlap. In one or more embodiments, the second transparent display includes a plurality of pixels, wherein the transparency of each of the plurality of pixels of the second transparent display is electronically controlled. In this case, the processor of the device may adjust the transparency of one or more, or all, pixels of the first transparent display based on the perspective overlap. In one or more embodiments, the processor of the device may adjust the appearance (color and/or transparency) of one or more, or all, pixels of the second transparent display based on the perspective overlap. It should be understood that the processor may simultaneously adjust one or more, or entire pixels, of both the first transparent display and the second transparent display based on the perspective overlap. for example, such that an area of the image displayed by the first transparent display aligns with corresponding areas of the same image displayed by the second display within a given user's viewing angle and/or the user's position relative to the device; may adjust the pixel as described.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. Nevertheless, some definitions will be presented that apply throughout this document.

Computer-readable storage medium refers to a storage medium containing or storing program code for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or apparatus. As defined herein, a “computer-readable storage medium” is not a transitory propagated signal per se. The computer-readable storage medium may be, but is not limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, a semiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. A memory as described herein is an example of a computer readable storage medium. A non-limiting list of more specific examples of computer-readable storage media includes portable computer diskettes, hard disks, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable read-only memory memory (EPROM or flash memory). ), static random access memory (SRAM), portable compact disk read-only memory (CD-ROM), digital versatile disk (DVD), memory stick, floppy disk, and the like. .

A computer readable storage medium may include one or more semiconductor-based or other integrated circuit ICs (eg, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) or application specific integrated circuits (ASICs)), hard disk drives (HDDs), hybrid hard disk drives (HHD), optical disk, optical disk drive (ODD), magneto-optical disk, magneto-optical drive, floppy diskette, floppy disk drive (FDD), magnetic tape, solid-state drive (SSD), RAM drive, secure digital (SECURE DIGITAL) may include a card or drive, other non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, or any suitable combination of two or more, where appropriate. A computer-readable non-transitory storage medium may be volatile, non-volatile, or a combination of volatile and non-volatile as appropriate.

In this specification, "or" is inclusive and not exclusive, unless otherwise indicated or otherwise dictated by context. Thus, in this specification, "A or B" means "A, B or both," unless expressly indicated otherwise or dictated otherwise by context. Also, "and" are joint and plural, unless otherwise indicated or otherwise indicated by context. Thus, in the text, "A and B" means "jointly and separately A and B" unless otherwise indicated or otherwise dictated by context.

The term "processor" means at least one hardware circuit. The hardware circuitry may be configured to perform instructions included in the program code. The hardware circuit may be an integrated circuit. Examples of processors include central processing units (CPUs), array processors, vector processors, digital signal processors (DSPs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), programmable logic arrays (PLAs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), programmable logic circuits. and a controller.

As defined herein, the term “real-time” refers to a level of response processing that allows a user or system to sense immediately enough to make a particular process or decision, or allow the processor to follow some external process. As defined herein, the term “user” means a human being.

As defined herein, the term "if" means "when" or "if" or "as a response" or "in response to" depending on the context. Thus, the phrases "if it is determined" or "if, [specified condition or event is detected]" means "when determining" or "in response to determining" or "[specified condition or event is detected]," depending on the context. detect], or "in response to detecting [specified condition or event]" or "in response to detection of [specified condition or event]."

As defined herein, "one embodiment," "an embodiment," or similar language means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic associated with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment described in this disclosure. Thus, the appearances of "in one embodiment," "in an embodiment," "in a particular embodiment," "in one or more embodiments," and similar expressions throughout this disclosure may all refer to the same, but not necessarily It's not like that.

The terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements. These terms are used only to distinguish one component, unless otherwise stated, and should not be limited by these terms, unless the context dictates otherwise.

The term "substantially" means that the recited properties, parameters, or values need not be precisely achieved, but are subject to variations or variations including, for example, tolerances, measurement errors, limits of measurement accuracy, and other factors known to those skilled in the art. It means that it can occur in an amount that does not exclude the desired effect.

A computer program product may include a computer readable storage medium (or media) having computer readable program instructions for causing a processor to perform aspects of the present invention. In this disclosure, the term "program code" is used interchangeably with the term "computer readable program instructions" or "instructions" stored in a memory.

For simplicity and clarity of description, elements shown in the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some elements may be exaggerated relative to others for clarity. Further, where considered appropriate, reference numerals are repeated between the drawings to indicate corresponding, similar, or analogous features.

Corresponding structures, materials, acts, and equivalents of all means or steps and functional elements that may be found in the claims below include any structure for performing a function in combination with other claimed elements, as specifically claimed; It is intended to encompass a substance or an action.

The scope of this disclosure includes all modifications, substitutions, variations, alterations and modifications to the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure that can be understood by those skilled in the art. The scope of this disclosure is not limited to the exemplary embodiments described or shown herein. Furthermore, although this disclosure describes or illustrates each embodiment as including specific components, elements, functions, acts, or steps, any of the components, elements, functions, acts, or steps described or shown herein It may include any combination or permutation that would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. Further, the apparatus or system or components of the apparatus or system adapted, arranged, functionally equipped, configured, permitted, operable and operative to perform the particular function referenced in the appended claims are As long as the device, system, or component is so adapted, arranged, functional, configured, permitted, operable and operating, whether or not that particular function has been activated, turned on, or unlocked; Includes devices, systems, and components.

Claims (36)

a first transparent display;
a second transparent display disposed in front of the first transparent display; and
a processor for controlling the first transparent display and the second transparent display;
wherein one of the first transparent display and the second transparent display is a non-emissive display having at least one pixel whose transparency is electronically controlled;
the other of the first transparent display and the second transparent display is a light emitting display configured to emit an image,
the processor
and controlling the non-emissive display to operate in a semi-static mode and the emissive display to operate in a dynamic mode. According to claim 1,
wherein the second transparent display is a color transparent display. delete The method of claim 1,
wherein the at least one pixel of the first transparent display is electronically controllable to appear transparent, white, grayscale or black. The method of claim 1,
The second transparent display is a light emitting display,
wherein the first transparent display is a non-emissive display. 6. The method of claim 5,
The non-luminescent display is a polymer dispersed liquid crystal display, an electrochromic display, an electrodispersive display, a polymer stabilized liquid crystal or an electrowetting display,
wherein the emissive display is a liquid crystal display, a liquid crystal display comprising Smectic A liquid crystal, a light emitting diode display, a light enhancement layer, or an organic light emitting diode display. 6. The method of claim 5,
The light emitting display is a transparent organic light emitting diode display,
wherein the non-emissive display is an electrophoretic display. 6. The method of claim 5,
The light emitting display is a transparent light emitting diode display,
wherein the non-emissive display is a liquid crystal display comprising Smectic A liquid crystal. 6. The method of claim 5,
wherein the at least one pixel of the non-emissive display comprises a dye. 6. The method of claim 5,
wherein the non-emissive display includes a plurality of pixels, wherein at least one of the plurality of pixels does not include a dye and appears substantially white. 6. The method of claim 5,
wherein said at least one pixel of said non-emissive display comprises a dye in particles, liquid crystal droplets or liquid crystals of said non-emissive display. The method of claim 1,
wherein the second transparent display comprises a plurality of sub-emissive pixels, each sub-emissive pixel comprising an addressable area and a transparent area. 13. The method of claim 12,
at least one pixel of the first transparent display is aligned with the sub-emissive pixel of the second transparent display and is visible through the transparent area of the sub-emissive pixel of the second transparent display. 14. The method of claim 13,
a memory configured to store instructions;
The processor is coupled to the memory and configured to control transparency of the at least one pixel of the first transparent display and the addressable area of the sub-emissive pixels of the second transparent display in response to executing the command. an apparatus configured to initiate an action for 15. The method of claim 14,
The first transparent display comprises a plurality of pixels,
the apparatus further comprising a camera coupled to the memory and configured to generate image data for a viewing cone in front of the second transparent display;
The processor detects a gaze of a person in the viewing cone from the image data, and further adds a see-through overlap of pixels of the second transparent display and pixels of the first transparent display based on the gaze an apparatus configured to determine. an electronically controlled first transparent display having at least one pixel;
a second transparent display configured to emit an image and having a plurality of pixels;
a camera configured to generate image data for a viewing cone in front of the second transparent display; and
control the first transparent display and the second transparent display, and detect the gaze of a person in the viewing cone from the image data, and based on the gaze, the pixels of the second transparent display and the pixels of the first transparent display A device comprising; a processor configured to determine a see-through overlap of pixels. 17. The method of claim 16,
wherein the second transparent display is a color transparent display. 17. The method of claim 16,
and the second transparent display is located in front of the first transparent display. 17. The method of claim 16,
wherein at least one of the pixels of the first transparent display is electronically controllable to appear transparent, white, grayscale or black. 17. The method of claim 16,
wherein the second transparent display is an emissive display and the first transparent display is a non-emissive display. 21. The method of claim 20,
wherein the non-emissive display is a polymer dispersed liquid crystal display, an electrochromic display, an electrodispersive display, a polymer stabilized liquid crystal or an electrowetting display,
wherein the emissive display is a liquid crystal display, a liquid crystal display comprising Smectic A liquid crystal, a light emitting diode display, a light enhancement layer or an organic light emitting diode display. 21. The method of claim 20,
The light emitting display is a transparent organic light emitting diode display,
wherein the non-emissive display is an electrophoretic display. 21. The method of claim 20,
The light emitting display is a transparent light emitting diode display,
wherein the non-emissive display is a liquid crystal display comprising Smectic A liquid crystal. 21. The method of claim 20,
wherein at least one of the pixels of the non-emissive display comprises a dye. 21. The method of claim 20,
wherein at least one of the pixels of the non-emissive display does not include a dye and appears substantially white. 17. The method of claim 16,
the second transparent display comprises a plurality of partially emissive pixels;
wherein each partially emissive pixel comprises an addressable region and a transparent region. 21. The method of claim 20,
at least one pixel of the non-emissive display comprises a dye in particles, liquid crystal droplets or liquid crystals of the non-emissive display. 27. The method of claim 26,
at least one of the pixels of the first transparent display is aligned with the sub-emissive pixel of the second transparent display and is viewable through the transparent area of the sub-emissive pixel of the second transparent display , Device. 29. The method of claim 28,
a memory configured to store instructions;
The processor is coupled to the memory and, in response to executing the command, comprises: transparency of at least one of the pixels of the first transparent display and the addressable area of the sub-emissive pixels of the second transparent display. an apparatus configured to initiate an operation for controlling the a first transparent display having at least one pixel whose transparency is electronically controlled;
a second transparent display configured to emit an image and comprising a plurality of partially emissive pixels;
wherein each of the plurality of partially emissive pixels includes an addressable region and a transparent region. receiving an image to be displayed on a device, the device comprising a first transparent display and a second transparent display disposed in front of the first transparent display, wherein one of the first transparent display and the second transparent display one is a non-emissive display having at least one pixel whose transparency is electronically controlled, and the other of the first transparent display and the second transparent display is an emissive display configured to emit an image; and
displaying the image on the device, controlling the non-emissive display to operate in a semi-static mode and controlling the emissive display to operate in a dynamic mode. 32. The method of claim 31,
wherein the second transparent display is a color transparent display. delete 32. The method of claim 31,
Displaying the image
causing a second region of a second transparent display corresponding to a color region of the image to display color, and causing a second region of the first transparent display corresponding to the color region to appear at least partially opaque; How to. 32. The method of claim 31,
the first transparent display comprises a plurality of pixels, and the second transparent display comprises a plurality of pixels;
The method is
determining a perspective overlap of the pixels of the second transparent display and the pixels of the first transparent display;
adjusting the transparency of at least one of the plurality of pixels of the first transparent display based on the perspective overlap. 32. The method of claim 31,
the first transparent display comprises a plurality of pixels, and the second transparent display comprises a plurality of pixels;
The method is
determining a perspective overlap of the pixels of the second transparent display and the pixels of the first transparent display;
adjusting the appearance of at least one of the plurality of pixels of the second transparent display based on the perspective overlap.

Images