US3030939A - Method of operating spark-ignition combustion engine - Google Patents

Method of operating spark-ignition combustion engine Download PDF

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US3030939A
US3030939A US747577A US74757758A US3030939A US 3030939 A US3030939 A US 3030939A US 747577 A US747577 A US 747577A US 74757758 A US74757758 A US 74757758A US 3030939 A US3030939 A US 3030939A
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lubricating oil
engine
gasoline
crank case
synthetic lubricating
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US747577A
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Preston L Brandt
Clifton N Sechrist
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Standard Oil Co
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Standard Oil Co
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
    • C10L1/198—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid
    • C10L1/1985—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid polyethers, e.g. di- polygylcols and derivatives; ethers - esters

Definitions

  • An object of the invention is a method of operating a spark ignition internal combustion engine to maintain a substantially constant level of lubricating oil in the crank case.
  • spark ignition internal combustion engine is intended to include any internal combustion engine utilizing gasoline fuel and spark plug ignition in a cylinder provided with a piston. This engine may be such as is used in automobiles, tractors, trucks, or airplanes.
  • the gasoline fuel may be any hydrocarbon boiling in the gasoline range, i.e., between about 100 and 425 F.
  • the gasoline may contain any or all of the additives commonly introduced into gasolines such as tetraethyllead, oxidation inhibitors, antirust agents, etc.
  • the lubricating oil utilized in the spark ignition internal combustion engine in the method of the invention is a synethetic oil such as, an alkyleneoxide-glycol reaction product or arylethers of polypropylene glycols. These synthetic lubricating oils may be utilized without addi-- tives but are more commonly used in combination with hearing corrosion additives and oxidation inhibitors.
  • the gasoline used in the method of operating a spark ignition internal combustion engine contains the reaction product of an aliphatic dihydroxy alcohol and a mixture consisting of ethylene oxide and 1,2-propylene oxide wherein the weight ratio of ethylene oxide to propylene oxide is between about :50 to 10:90, which reaction product is suitable for use as a lubricating oil in spark ignition internal combustion engines. It is to be understood that the reaction product may need the addition of corrosion inhibitors and/ or oxidation inhibitors to make it suitable for lubricating oil use.
  • the primary requirements for lubricating oil use are lubricity, viscosity and viscosity index.
  • the alcohols which may be used in the preparation of the reaction product are ethylene glycol, 1,2-propylene glycol, 1,3-propylene glycol, butylene glycol, diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, triethylene 3,030,939 Patented Apr. 24, 1962 ICQ glycol, tripropylene glycol, as well as other such aliphatic dihydroxy alcohols.
  • the reaction product which is a polyoxyalkylene diol is not described in detail herein because the materials are described in detail, as Well as methods of preparation, in US. 2,425,845. Examples '7 through 17 of this patent are of particular interest in the description of the preparation of various of these polyoxyalkylene diols which are suitable for lubricating oil usages.
  • the preferred reaction products, i.e., polyoxyal'kylene diols have a molecular weight between about 500 and 3000.
  • the gasoline may contain an arylether of a polypropylene glycol having a molecular weight between about 500 and 3000; e.g. phenylether of polypropylene glycol, said glycol portion having a molecular Weight of about 1000, and phenylbenzylether of polypropylene glycol, said gly col portion having a molecular weight of about 1000.
  • the diolis passed, in large part, out of the combustion chamber as blow-by material which dissolves in the lubricating oil present in the crank case; the remainder is decomposed and/or discharged from the cylinder through the exhaust. It is preferred to operate the engine with a synthetic lubricating oil of the same type as the diol added to the gasoline, whereby the characteristics of the lubricating oil in the crank case remain substantially constant during operation of the engine.
  • any additive diol in the gasoline fuel decreases the apparent loss of lubricating oil.
  • the amount of diol in the gasoline fuel is adjusted so that the blow-by counteracts the loss of lubricating oil.
  • Substantially constant oil level is generally obtainable by operating with a gasoline fuel containing between about 0.1 and 3.0 percent of additive diol; more usually between about 0.3 and 1.0 percent.
  • Substantially constant crank case levels are attained with Prestone Motor Oil of about 800 molecular weight using about 0.3 percent oil in the gasoline; with phenylbenzylether of polypropylene glycol (glycol of about 1000 molecular weight) using about 0.5 percent in the gasoline; and with phenylether of polypropylene glycol (glycol of about 1000 molecular weight) using about 0.7 percent in the gasoline.
  • the engine test procedure is an adaptation of the Ethyl Corporation Cycling Procedure using Standard CFR overhead valve test cylinder. Typical test conditions are as follows:
  • Idle (600 rpm.) 11.0. Full load brake horsepower 4.0'. Air intake temperature ll5 F. Oil temperature l60 F. Cooling water temperature 180 F. Run length 48 hours.
  • the 900 rpm. full load, full throttle portion of the cycling operation is of ISO-second duration while the 600 rpm. no load closed throttle portion is of 100-second duration.
  • the air-fuel ratios are determined by Orsat gas analysis. The test duration in each run was approximately 48 hours.
  • Oil consumption data are obtained by measuring the volume of lubricant originally placed in the crank case and the volume of the lubricant which is recovered at the conclusion of the test. The differences in thse volums was taken as the amount of lubricant consumed.
  • the synthetic motor oil used in these tests was a poly oxyalkylene diol sold as Prestone Motor Oil.
  • This Prestone Motor Oil contains a phenylalphanaphthylamine oxidation inhibitor, succinic anhydride rust inhibitor and mercaptobenzothioazole corrosion inhibitor.
  • Viscosity index 140 Specific gravity, 25 C 0.9893 Refractive index, 25 C. 1.4518 Molecular weight 843 Ramsbottom carbon (wt. percent) 0.03 Acid number 4.3 Saponification number 11.4 Water (wt. percent) 0.15 Sulfated ash (wt. percent) 0.01 Approximate boiling range by molecular distillation at 1 micron Hg:
  • the gasoline used in these tests was a premium quality gasoline boiling over the range of 100 to 395 F., having a research octane number of about 93 and no tetraethyllead.
  • the results of the tests are set out in Table II.
  • a method of operating a spark-ignition internal combustion engine whereby a substantially constant volume of synthetic lubricating oil is maintained in the crank case of the engine which method consists of charging as the fuel to the combustion zone of said engine a gasoline con taining a synthetic lubricating oil in an amount between about 0.1 and 3 volume percent and having in the crank case of said engine as the lubricating oil a synthetic lubricating oil selected from the class consisting of (i) a polyoxyalkylene diol having a molecular weight between 500 and 3000 which is the diol reaction product of an aliphatic dihydroxy alcohol and a mixture consisting of ethylene oxide and 1,2-propylene oxide, the weight ratio of ethylene oxide to propylene oxide being from 50:50 to 10:90 and (ii) arylethers of polypropylene glycols, which glycol has a molecular weight between 500 and 3000, said synthetic lubricating oil in said gasoline and said synthetic lubricating oil

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Emergency Medicine (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Lubricants (AREA)

Description

United States Patent M 3,030,939 METHOD OF OPERATING SPARK-IGNITION COMBUSTION ENGINE Preston L. Brandt, La Marque, and Clifton N. Sechrist, Texas City, Tex, assignors, by mesne assignments, to Standard Oil Company, Chicago, 111., a corporation of Indiana No Drawing. Filed July 10, 1958, Ser. No. 747,577 4 Claims. (Cl. 123-1) This invention relates to spark ignition internal combustion engine operation, particularly operation at substantially constanfcrank case level.
The present application is a continuation in part of application No. 507,118 filed May 9, 1955, and now abandoned.
Maximum efl'iciency in the lubrication of the moving parts of a spark ignition internal combustion engine using gasoline fuel requires a substantially constant level of lubricating oil in the crank case of the engine. The lubricating oil is decomposed in the cylinders; some is lost by evaporation and some is lost by leakage. Normally the oil level gradually decreases until the level reaches a point where it is necessary to replenish the supply to obtain the desired level in the crank case. Engine design must take into account this decrease in the amount of lubricating oil available in the crank case during the operation of the engine and also consider the combustion chamber deposit formation. Operation at a substantially constant amount of lubricating oil in the crank case is both beneficial to engine operation and to design. Any reduction in the amount of combustion chamber deposits is helpful in reducing the octane requirement of the engine and also permits better lubrication of the cylinder walls.
An object of the invention is a method of operating a spark ignition internal combustion engine to maintain a substantially constant level of lubricating oil in the crank case. Other objects will become apparent in the course of the detailed description.
The term spark ignition internal combustion engine is intended to include any internal combustion engine utilizing gasoline fuel and spark plug ignition in a cylinder provided with a piston. This engine may be such as is used in automobiles, tractors, trucks, or airplanes. The gasoline fuel may be any hydrocarbon boiling in the gasoline range, i.e., between about 100 and 425 F. The gasoline may contain any or all of the additives commonly introduced into gasolines such as tetraethyllead, oxidation inhibitors, antirust agents, etc.
The lubricating oil utilized in the spark ignition internal combustion engine in the method of the invention is a synethetic oil such as, an alkyleneoxide-glycol reaction product or arylethers of polypropylene glycols. These synthetic lubricating oils may be utilized without addi-- tives but are more commonly used in combination with hearing corrosion additives and oxidation inhibitors.
The gasoline used in the method of operating a spark ignition internal combustion engine, contains the reaction product of an aliphatic dihydroxy alcohol and a mixture consisting of ethylene oxide and 1,2-propylene oxide wherein the weight ratio of ethylene oxide to propylene oxide is between about :50 to 10:90, which reaction product is suitable for use as a lubricating oil in spark ignition internal combustion engines. It is to be understood that the reaction product may need the addition of corrosion inhibitors and/ or oxidation inhibitors to make it suitable for lubricating oil use. The primary requirements for lubricating oil use are lubricity, viscosity and viscosity index. The alcohols which may be used in the preparation of the reaction product are ethylene glycol, 1,2-propylene glycol, 1,3-propylene glycol, butylene glycol, diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, triethylene 3,030,939 Patented Apr. 24, 1962 ICQ glycol, tripropylene glycol, as well as other such aliphatic dihydroxy alcohols. The reaction product which is a polyoxyalkylene diol is not described in detail herein because the materials are described in detail, as Well as methods of preparation, in US. 2,425,845. Examples '7 through 17 of this patent are of particular interest in the description of the preparation of various of these polyoxyalkylene diols which are suitable for lubricating oil usages. In general, the preferred reaction products, i.e., polyoxyal'kylene diols, have a molecular weight between about 500 and 3000.
The gasoline may contain an arylether of a polypropylene glycol having a molecular weight between about 500 and 3000; e.g. phenylether of polypropylene glycol, said glycol portion having a molecular Weight of about 1000, and phenylbenzylether of polypropylene glycol, said gly col portion having a molecular weight of about 1000.
It appears that the diolis passed, in large part, out of the combustion chamber as blow-by material which dissolves in the lubricating oil present in the crank case; the remainder is decomposed and/or discharged from the cylinder through the exhaust. It is preferred to operate the engine with a synthetic lubricating oil of the same type as the diol added to the gasoline, whereby the characteristics of the lubricating oil in the crank case remain substantially constant during operation of the engine.
The presence of any additive diol in the gasoline fuel decreases the apparent loss of lubricating oil. For operation with a substantially constant level of lubricating oil in the engine, the amount of diol in the gasoline fuel is adjusted so that the blow-by counteracts the loss of lubricating oil. Substantially constant oil level is generally obtainable by operating with a gasoline fuel containing between about 0.1 and 3.0 percent of additive diol; more usually between about 0.3 and 1.0 percent.
Substantially constant crank case levels are attained with Prestone Motor Oil of about 800 molecular weight using about 0.3 percent oil in the gasoline; with phenylbenzylether of polypropylene glycol (glycol of about 1000 molecular weight) using about 0.5 percent in the gasoline; and with phenylether of polypropylene glycol (glycol of about 1000 molecular weight) using about 0.7 percent in the gasoline.
The results obtainable by the method of this invention are illustrated by operation in a .test engine.
The engine test procedure is an adaptation of the Ethyl Corporation Cycling Procedure using Standard CFR overhead valve test cylinder. Typical test conditions are as follows:
Compression Ratio 7.5 to 1. Spark advance 3 BTDC. Air to fuel ratio:
Full load (900 rpm.) 13.0.
Idle (600 rpm.) 11.0. Full load brake horsepower 4.0'. Air intake temperature ll5 F. Oil temperature l60 F. Cooling water temperature 180 F. Run length 48 hours.
The 900 rpm. full load, full throttle portion of the cycling operation is of ISO-second duration while the 600 rpm. no load closed throttle portion is of 100-second duration. The air-fuel ratios are determined by Orsat gas analysis. The test duration in each run was approximately 48 hours.
The engine was then dismantled and the parts washed with isooctane, dried, scraped, and cleaned to determine the Weights of deposits. Oil consumption data are obtained by measuring the volume of lubricant originally placed in the crank case and the volume of the lubricant which is recovered at the conclusion of the test. The differences in thse volums was taken as the amount of lubricant consumed.
The synthetic motor oil used in these tests was a poly oxyalkylene diol sold as Prestone Motor Oil. This Prestone Motor Oil contains a phenylalphanaphthylamine oxidation inhibitor, succinic anhydride rust inhibitor and mercaptobenzothioazole corrosion inhibitor.
The characteristics of the Prestone Motor Oil used in the tests are set out in Table I.
Table I Kinematic viscosity (centistokes/sec.):
300 F 6.0 Viscosity index 140 Specific gravity, 25 C 0.9893 Refractive index, 25 C. 1.4518 Molecular weight 843 Ramsbottom carbon (wt. percent) 0.03 Acid number 4.3 Saponification number 11.4 Water (wt. percent) 0.15 Sulfated ash (wt. percent) 0.01 Approximate boiling range by molecular distillation at 1 micron Hg:
IBP F. 775
The gasoline used in these tests was a premium quality gasoline boiling over the range of 100 to 395 F., having a research octane number of about 93 and no tetraethyllead. The results of the tests are set out in Table II.
Gasoline Consumed, Gal Lubricant Volume Change, ml..-
\\ Contained 2.5 weight percent of Prestone Motor Oil (P.M.O.).
In run 2 the gasoline fuel contained 2.5 percent of the Prestone Motor Oil. These runs show that a very large increase in lubricating oil volume occurred during run No. 2. These runs show that too much P.M.O. was present in the gasoline fuel in run No. 2. However, these runs make it quite clear that by the use of the defined gasoline fuel it is possible to operate at substantially constant lubricating oil volume in the crank case of the engine.
Thus having described the invention, what is claimed 1. A method of operating a spark-ignition internal combustion engine whereby a substantially constant volume of synthetic lubricating oil is maintained in the crank case of the engine which method consists of charging as the fuel to the combustion zone of said engine a gasoline con taining a synthetic lubricating oil in an amount between about 0.1 and 3 volume percent and having in the crank case of said engine as the lubricating oil a synthetic lubricating oil selected from the class consisting of (i) a polyoxyalkylene diol having a molecular weight between 500 and 3000 which is the diol reaction product of an aliphatic dihydroxy alcohol and a mixture consisting of ethylene oxide and 1,2-propylene oxide, the weight ratio of ethylene oxide to propylene oxide being from 50:50 to 10:90 and (ii) arylethers of polypropylene glycols, which glycol has a molecular weight between 500 and 3000, said synthetic lubricating oil in said gasoline and said synthetic lubricating oil charged to said crank case being essentially identical compounds.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein said oil has a molecular weight of about 800 and is present in said fuel mixture in an amount of about 0.3 percent.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein said oil is phenylether of polypropylene glycol which glycol has a molecular weight of about 1000 and is present in said fuel in an amount of about 0.7 weight percent.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein said oil is phenylbenzylether of polypropylene glycol which glycol has a molecular weight of about 1000 and is present in said fuel in an amount of about 0.5 Weight percent.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,563,101 Colwell Aug. 7, 1951 2,620,307 Stewart Dec. 2, 1952 2,800,400 Hughes July 23, 1957 2,807,526 Foreman Sept. 24, 1957 OTHER REFERENCES Ucon Fluids and Lubricants, Polyalklene Glycols and Derivatives, Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Corp., recd Mar. 27, 1950, page 3.
Symposium on Synthetic Lubricants, G.S.T.M. Bulletin No. 77, Fiftieth Annual Meeting, June 16-20, 1947, Ucons by Russ, Jr., pages 6, 8 and 9.

Claims (1)

1. A METHOD OF OPERATING A SPARK-IGNITION INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE WHEREBY A SUBSTANTIALLY CONSTANT VOLUME OF SYNTHETIC LUBRICATING OIL IS MAINTAINED IN THE CRANK CASE OF THE ENGINE WHICH METHOD CONSISTS OF CHARGING AS THE FUEL TO THE COMBUSTION ZONE OF SAID ENGINE A GASOLINE CONTAINING A SYNTHETIC LUBRICATING OIL IN AN AMOUNT BETWEEN ABOUT 0.1 AND 3 VOLUME PERCENT AND HAVING IN THE CRANK CASE OF SAID ENGINE AS THE LUBRICATING OIL A SYNTHETIC LUBRICATING OIL SELECTED FROM THE CLASS CONSISTING OF (I) A POLYOXYALKYLENE DIOL HAVING A MOLECULAR WEIGHT BETWEEN 500 AND 3000 WHICH IS THE DIOL REACTION PRODUCT OF AN ALIPHATIC DIHYDROXY ALCOHOL AND A MIXTURE CONSISTING OF ETHYLENE OXIDE AND 1,2-PROPYLENE OXIDE, THE WEIGHT RATIO OF ETHYLENE OXIDE TO PROPYLENE OXIDE BEING FROM 50:50 TO 10:90 AND (II) ARYLETHERS OF POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOLS, WHICH GLYCOL HAS A MOLECULAR WEIGHT BETWEEN 500 AND 3000, SAID SYNTHETIC LUBRICATING OIL IN SAID GASOLINE AND SAID SYNTHETIC LUBRICATING OIL CHARGED TO SAID CRANK CASE BEING ESSENTIALLY IDENTICAL COMPOUNDS.
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Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3930810A (en) * 1974-07-31 1976-01-06 Universal Oil Products Company Additives for petroleum distillates
EP0144922A2 (en) * 1983-12-03 1985-06-19 Mineralölwerke Wenzel und Weidmann Zweigniederlassung der Fuchs Mineralölwerke GmbH, Mannheim Lubricant
EP0282845A1 (en) * 1987-03-14 1988-09-21 BASF Aktiengesellschaft Fuels containing small amounts of alkoxylate and polycarboxylic acid imide
EP0647700A1 (en) * 1993-10-06 1995-04-12 Ethyl Corporation Fuel compositions and additives therefor
EP0894844A1 (en) * 1997-07-30 1999-02-03 Tonen Corporation Fuel additive and fuel composition containing the additive

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2563101A (en) * 1948-03-08 1951-08-07 Thompson Prod Inc Fuel charge for internalcombustion engines
US2620307A (en) * 1950-12-16 1952-12-02 California Research Corp Lubricating oil
US2800400A (en) * 1953-12-24 1957-07-23 Standard Oil Co Motor fuel additive and fuel containing same
US2807526A (en) * 1950-10-04 1957-09-24 Standard Oil Co Additive for motor fuels and fuel compositions containing the same

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2563101A (en) * 1948-03-08 1951-08-07 Thompson Prod Inc Fuel charge for internalcombustion engines
US2807526A (en) * 1950-10-04 1957-09-24 Standard Oil Co Additive for motor fuels and fuel compositions containing the same
US2620307A (en) * 1950-12-16 1952-12-02 California Research Corp Lubricating oil
US2800400A (en) * 1953-12-24 1957-07-23 Standard Oil Co Motor fuel additive and fuel containing same

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3930810A (en) * 1974-07-31 1976-01-06 Universal Oil Products Company Additives for petroleum distillates
EP0144922A2 (en) * 1983-12-03 1985-06-19 Mineralölwerke Wenzel und Weidmann Zweigniederlassung der Fuchs Mineralölwerke GmbH, Mannheim Lubricant
EP0144922A3 (en) * 1983-12-03 1987-01-07 Uk-Mineralolwerke Wenzel & Weidmann Gmbh Lubricant
EP0282845A1 (en) * 1987-03-14 1988-09-21 BASF Aktiengesellschaft Fuels containing small amounts of alkoxylate and polycarboxylic acid imide
US4844714A (en) * 1987-03-14 1989-07-04 Basf Aktiengesellschaft Fuels containing small amounts of alkoxylates and polycarboximides
EP0647700A1 (en) * 1993-10-06 1995-04-12 Ethyl Corporation Fuel compositions and additives therefor
AU678514B2 (en) * 1993-10-06 1997-05-29 Ethyl Corporation Fuel compositions and additives therefor
EP0894844A1 (en) * 1997-07-30 1999-02-03 Tonen Corporation Fuel additive and fuel composition containing the additive

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