AU1208499A

AU1208499A - Encapsulated immunomodulators useful as vaccine adjuvants

Info

Publication number: AU1208499A
Application number: AU12084/99A
Authority: AU
Inventors: Leslie S. Casey; Richard S. Dondero; Bruce C. Galton
Original assignee: Cistron Biotechnology Inc
Current assignee: Cistron Biotechnology Inc
Priority date: 1997-10-31
Filing date: 1998-11-02
Publication date: 1999-05-24
Also published as: JP2001521908A; WO1999022763A3; IL135480A0; WO1999022763A2; CA2307541A1; EP1027071A2

Description

WO 99/22763 PCT/US98/23313 DESCRIPTION ENCAPSULATED IMMUNOMODULATORS USEFUL AS VACCINE ADJUVANTS 5 Background of the Invention The immune system is regulated in part by a complex network of chemical signals. These signals include the interleukins such as IL-la and IL- IP. IL-IP is a polypeptide hormone synthesized and secreted by stimulated monocytes. The initial 10 translation product of IL-1 I3 is a 31 kDa precursor polypeptide having relatively low biological activity. After synthesis, the 31 kDa precursor for IL-1 P is enzymatically cleaved to its highly active mature form which has a size of about 17.5 kDa. The N terminus of mature IL-1p derived from human activated monocytes has been characterized by an N-terminal amino acid sequence beginning with Ala-Pro. The N 15 terminal Ala residue of human mature IL-1p is in the 117 position and an Asp residue is in the 116 position counting from the N-terminus of human precursor IL-I P polypeptide. Mature IL-1 P consists of the C-terminal 153 residues of the precursor polypeptide. Many physiological actions and biological activities of IL-1p have been identified. IL-1 biological activity is often determined by assaying for stimulation of 20 thymocyte proliferation. IL-1 activities include stimulation of B-lymphocyte maturation, lymphocyte proliferation, stimulation of fibroblast growth and induction of acute-phase protein synthesis by hepatocytes. Other biological activities have been attributed to IL-1p polypeptides. These include control of differentiation and activation of lymphocytes, stimulation of 25 lymphokine and prostaglandin production, promotion of inflammation, induction of acute phase proteins, stimulation of bone resorption, and alteration of the level of iron and zinc in blood. Moreover, it has been found that IL-I P can stimulate the hypothalamus pituitary-adrenal axis, suggesting that IL-1 P is integrated in the complex neuroendocrine network that controls homeostasis. 30 Maturation and release of mature IL-1P from macrophages does not proceed by conventional means normally associated with most secretory proteins because the WO 99/22763 PCT/US98/23313 2 precursor IL-1 polypeptide lacks a hydrophobic signal sequence. Further, IL-1I is not associated with a membrane-bound compartment in monocytes. Most secretory proteins are characterized by the presence of a hydrophobic stretch of amino acids called a signal sequence. The signal sequence directs the translocation of the protein across the 5 membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum during protein synthesis. The protein is subsequently ushered out of the cell via exocytosis. Most secreted proteins have a signal sequence at the amino terminal that is removed upon translocation. Other proteins, such as ovalbumin, have an internal signal sequence that is not removed upon translocation. The precursor form of IL-1 I lacks any region (either amino terminal or internal) with 10 sufficient hydrophobicity and length to qualify as a signal sequence. Microencapsulation is the process of enveloping certain drugs, enzymes, toxins, or other substances in polymeric matrices. It can be used in controlled release or delayed release of drugs. The many applications for encapsulation, the available matrices, and techniques for making and using encapsulation matrices are extensively covered 15 elsewhere (see, for example, Chang, T.M.S. [1977] Biomedical applications of immobilized enzymes andproteins, Vols. 1-2, New York, Plenum Press; Deasy, P.B. (ed.) [1984] "Microencapsulation and related drug processes," In J. Swarbrick (ed.), Drugs and the pharmaceutical sciences: Vol. 20. Microencapsulation and related drug processes, New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.; McGinity, J.W. [1989] "Aqueous polymeric 20 coatings for pharmaceutical dosage forms," Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences 36; Nixon, J.R. (ed.) [1976] "Microencapsulation," In J. Swarbrick (ed.) Drugs and the pharmaceutical sciences: Vol. 3, New York, Marcel Dekker, Inc.). U.S. Patent No. 4,832,686 discloses the microencapsulation of IL-2 in a biocompatible polymer formulation. 25 Liposomes are closed structures that have a lipid bilayer membrane that can be used to encapsulate substances. The liposomes can be prepared using standard materials and methods well known in the art. For example, U.S. Patent No. 5,059,421 discloses methods for preparing targeted liposomes of a defined size distribution. It is known that in many cases that both cellular and/or humoral immune 30 responses to an antigen administered to an animal can be enhanced or increased by immunizing the animal with the antigen in conjunction with some type of adjuvant. An WO 99/22763 PCT/US98/23313 3 adjuvant, in broad terms, may be thought of as a compound or composition which can enhance or amplify an animal's immune response (e.g., an increase in antibody titer) to an antigen or immunogen. Various adjuvants are known in the art, including Freund's (complete and incomplete), muramyl dipeptide (MDP), and alum. 5 More recently, polypeptides and small peptides have been used as adjuvants. U.S. Patent No. 5,503,841 discloses the use of interleukin-2 (IL-2) as an adjuvant with vaccines. U.S. Patent No. 5,206,014 discloses the use of a peptide fragment of human IL-1 P as an adjuvant with antigens having low immunogenicity. However, systemic administration of immunomodulators, such as IL-2, as adjuvants can result in an 10 overstimulation or dysfunctional activation of the immune system of the animal. Systemic in vivo administration of IL-1 P has been associated with unwanted side effects, including fever and nausea. Thus, there remains a need in the art for adjuvants that stimulate or activate appropriate cells of the immune system with minimal systemic exposure. 15 Brief Summary of the Invention The present invention pertains to novel compositions and methods useful as vaccine adjuvants. The compositions of the subject invention are immunomodulators encapsulated within a matrix. The immunomodulators may be, for example, cytokines 20 or lymphokines. In a preferred embodiment, interleukin compounds such as IL-l a and/or IL-1 are utilized according to the subject invention. In a specific embodiment the subject invention provides adjuvant compositions comprising encapsulated IL-1p. The encapsulated IL-1 I composition can optionally include a vaccine antigen, such as whole inactivated or attenuated virus, recombinant or synthetic peptides, and other antigenic 25 materials. Use of encapsulated IL-1 I3 permits presentation of IL-1 I3 to antigen presenting cells with minimal systemic exposure. The present invention also pertains to the use of encapsulated immunomodulators for use as a means to increase immune responses in a patient. In an exemplified embodiment of the present invention encapsulated IL-l a or IL-1 P can be used as the 30 immunomodulator for increasing immune responses. Typically, encapsulated IL-1 P is WO 99/22763 PCT/US98/23313 4 used as an adjuvant to stimulate or increase an immune response to an immunogen or antigen, such as those used in vaccine preparations. The encapsulated immunomodulator of the subject invention can be administered in the presence or absence of a vaccine antigen. The antigen can be encapsulated with 5 the immunomodulator or it can be administered in a composition external to the encapsulated immunomodulator. The encapsulated immunomodulator of the subject invention can be administered either prior to or subsequent to vaccine antigen administration. 10 Brief Description of the Drawings Figure 1 shows anti-influenza A IgG antibody titer obtained after immunization of rats with the one of the following: influenza A/Beijing H 3

N

3 vaccine mixed with mature IL-1 (no encapsulation), influenza A/Beijing H 3

N

3 vaccine alone (no encapsulation), or influenza A/Beijing H 3

N

3 vaccine and mature IL-1p encapsulated 15 together in liposomes. Brief Description of the Sequences SEQ ID NO. 1 is an amino acid sequence of human mature IL-1 . 20 Detailed Disclosure of the Invention The subject invention pertains to novel compositions comprising an encapsulated immunomodulator for the use as an adjuvant. Specifically exemplified herein is the use of an interleukin compound such as IL-la or IL-1 as the encapsulated immunomodulator. In a preferred embodiment, the immunomodulator is IL-1p. The 25 encapsulated IL-1 I compositions can be used as an adjuvant. Encapsulated immunomodulator compositions of the present invention can optionally include or be used in conjunction with a vaccines, such as whole inactivated or attenuated virus, recombinant or synthetic polypeptides or peptides, haptens, and other antigenic or immunogenic materials. Using the methods and materials of the present 30 invention provides for presentation of IL-1 P, either in the presence or absence of a WO 99/22763 PCT/US98/23313 5 vaccine, to antigen presenting cells of the immune system but with minimal systemic exposure of the patient to IL-1 P. In a preferred embodiment, IL-1P is used as the immunomodulator. More preferably, the IL-1 P used with the present invention is human IL-1 P. The IL-1 P can be 5 either in precursor form or mature form. The IL-1P can be human mature IL-1p, or a biologically active fragment or variant thereof, when the encapsulated IL-1p is to be administered to a human. Preferably, the IL-1 P used with the present invention has the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO. 1. IL-i 13 from other animal species can be also be used when the present invention is administered to non-human species. The IL 10 1 P can be isolated from animal cells, synthesized, or produced by recombinant gene expression means. In one embodiment, additional molecules and/or immunomodulators, such as cytokines, interleukins and biologically active peptides are also encapsulated with an immunomodulator of the present invention or are administered in conjunction with the 15 present invention. Preferably, IL-la and/or IL-i is a first immunomodulator which is encapsulated along with a second, different immunomodulator. For example, IL-2, IL-4, IL- 12, and others, can be encapsulated along with IL-l a and/or IL-1 P. Other suitable molecules are known in the art which the skilled artisan would understand as being useful in the subject invention. 20 Immunomodulators can be incorporated into an encapsulation matrix using methods known in the art. The encapsulation matrix can be natural or synthetic. For example, an immunomodulator such as IL-I P can be incorporated in a biocompatible polymer material such as lactic acid, glycolide and glutamic acid. In preferred embodiment, the encapsulation matrix is a liposome. The liposomes may be produced 25 by any of the standard liposome preparation techniques which are well known and readily carried out by those skilled in the art. Such liposome preparation techniques are described in, for example, U.S. Patent No. 5,252,348. Immunomodulators can be encapsulated in the matrix in a suitable buffer or carrier solution. The encapsulation matrix can also include molecules that target the 30 encapsulated materials to specific tissues or cell types, e.g., antigen presenting cells. For example, liposomes can have receptor molecules in the lipid bilayer for targeting to WO 99/22763 PCT/US98/23313 6 specific desired cells. In one embodiment, liposomes can have the Fc portion of immunoglobulin incorporated in the lipid bilayer for targeting to cells which express Fc receptors on their surface. In another embodiment, the encapsulation matrix may contain antibodies that are immunoreactive with a molecule expressed on the surface of a target 5 cell (e.g., antibodies to MC class II molecules can be used to target antigen presenting cells). Antigen presenting cells can include mononuclear phagocytes, B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, Langerhans cells and endothelial cells. The immunomodulator can also be incorporated in an encapsulation matrix that provides for controlled and/or continuous release of the immunomodulator once 10 administered to a patient. The IL-1 , or IL-ia, or other immunomodulator may be encapsulated in a matrix which provides for continuous release over time. Alternatively, the matrix may be specifically adapted to release the immunomodulator upon some event such as a change in pH which results from a local infection. See, for example, U.S. Patent No. 5,554,147 for a description of pH sensitive biopolymers. 15 The subject invention also concerns methods for enhancing immune responses in an animal or human by administering an effective amount of encapsulated of an encapsulated immunomodulator to the person or animal in need of such treatment. In a preferred embodiment, encapsulated IL-1P can be used as an adjuvant to increase immune responses to an immunogen or antigen, such as those used in vaccine 20 compositions. Preferably, the vaccine composition can comprise whole inactivated or attenuated virus, subunits of viral components, recombinant or synthetic polypeptides or peptides, haptens, and other antigenic or immunogenic materials. The encapsulated IL 1 P can be administered in the presence or absence of a vaccine composition. Preferably, the encapsulated IL-1 is administered in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The 25 vaccine composition can be encapsulated together with IL-I P or it can be administered in a composition external to the encapsulated IL-1 P. The encapsulated IL-i 1P of the subject invention can also be administered either prior to or subsequent to vaccine administration. The amount of IL- 1P or other immunomodulator to be administered according 30 to the subject methods of the invention can be readily determined by a person skilled in the art having the benefit of the instant disclosure.

WO 99/22763 PCT/US98/23313 7 The encapsulated compositions of the present invention can be administered to an animal or human parenterally, for example, by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection. The methods and compositions of the present invention can be used with vaccines 5 directed to treating or immunizing animals and/or humans against bacteria, viruses, tumor cells, fungus, and parasites. All references cited herein are incorporated by reference. Following are examples which illustrate procedures for practicing the invention. 10 These examples should not be construed as limiting. All percentages are by weight and all solvent mixture proportions are by volume unless otherwise noted. Example 1 - Encapsulation of IL- 10 and Vaccine Experiment. This investigation employed four groups of female Sprague-Dawley rats. The 15 investigation was for 58 days and the purpose was to evaluate the use of IL-1p as an adjuvant. The vaccine used for these experiments was influenza A/Beijing H 3

N

3 (Parke Davis). Each animal's weight was recorded prior to dosing on Day 0, and then animals were administered 100 microliters of a sample comprising liposome encapsulated IL-1 P intramuscularly. Thereafter, the animals were reweighed and their weight recorded every 20 seven days prior to their blood being drawn for the duration of the study. On day 30, animals were administered a booster dose of the test sample. Blood was collected on days 0, 7, 14, 28, 37, and 58 for determining serum IgG ELISA titers. Animals were observed daily for sickness or mortality. On day 58, the rats were weighed and euthanized. 25 Groups: I. Influenza A/Beijing H 3

N

3 vaccine mixed with mature IL-1 (no encapsulation) II. Influenza A/Beijing H 3

N

3 vaccine alone (no encapsulation) 30 III. Influenza A/Beijing H 3

N

3 vaccine and mature IL-1p encapsulated together in liposomes WO 99/22763 PCT/US98/23313 8 As shown in Figure 1, animals receiving the liposome encapsulated IL-i 13 mixed with Influenza A/Beijing H 3

N

3 vaccine showed a significant increase in anti-influenza A antibody titer over those animals receiving vaccine alone or non-encapsulated 5 vaccine/IL- 1P. Example 2 - Vaccine Compositions The encapsulated immunomodulator compositions described herein can be advantageously used in conjunction with an antigenic or immunogenic composition for 10 the preparation of a vaccine. Such a composition, when administered to a person or animal, increases immune responses to the administered vaccine antigen as compared to vaccine antigen when administered alone. Vaccines can be prepared by procedures well known in the art. For example, such vaccines can be prepared as injectables, e.g., liquid solutions or suspensions. Solid forms 15 for solution in, or suspension in, a liquid prior to injection also can be prepared. Optionally, the preparation also can be emulsified. The encapsulated immunomodulator compositions and active antigenic ingredient or ingredients can be mixed with excipients which are pharmaceutically acceptable and compatible with the active ingredient. Examples of suitable excipients are water, saline, dextrose, glycerol, ethanol, or the like, 20 and combinations thereof. In addition, if desired, the vaccine can contain minor amounts of auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents, or adjuvants such as aluminum hydroxide or muramyl dipeptide or variations thereof. Also, cholera toxin subunit B or other agents which stimulate antibody production at mucosal sites can be used. In the case of peptides, coupling to larger molecules such as KLH or 25 tetanus toxoid sometimes enhances immunogenicity. Vaccines are conventionally administered parenterally, by injection, for example, either subcutaneously or intramuscularly. Additional formulations which are suitable for other modes of administration include suppositories and, in some cases, oral formulations. For suppositories, traditional binders and carriers include, for example, polyalkalene glycols 30 or triglycerides. Suppositories can be formed from mixtures containing the active ingredient in the range of about 0.5% to about 10%, preferably about I to about 2%. Oral WO 99/22763 PCT/US98/23313 9 formulations can include such normally employed excipients as, for example, pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharine, cellulose, magnesium carbonate, and the like. These compositions can take the form of solutions, suspensions, tablets, pills, capsules, sustained release formulations 5 or powders and contain from about 10% to about 95% of active ingredient, preferably from about 25% to about 70%. The compounds can be formulated into the vaccine as neutral or salt forms. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include the acid addition salts (formed with the free amino groups of the peptide) and which are formed with inorganic acids such as, for 10 example, hydrochloric or phosphoric acids, or such organic acids as acetic, oxalic, tartaric, mandelic, and the like. Salts formed with the free carboxyl groups can also be derived from inorganic bases such as, for example, sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, or ferric hydroxides, and such organic bases as isopropylamine, trimethylamine, 2-ethylamino ethanol, histidine, procaine, and the like. 15 A vaccine of the subject invention can be administered in a manner compatible with the dosage formulation, and in such amount as will be therapeutically effective and immunogenic. The quantity to be administered can depend on the subject to be treated and the degree of protection desired. Advantageously, methods known to promote mucosal immunity can be combined with systemic immunity promoters to maximize 20 immune responses. Suitable regimes for initial administration and booster shots are also variable, but are typified by an initial administration followed in one or two week intervals by a subsequent injection or other administration. It should be understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are 25 for illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and are to be included within the spirit and purview of this application and the scope of the appended claims.

Claims

Ctøims

L A composition for modulating an immune response in an animal or human, said composition comprising an immunomodulator encapsulated in a matrix.
2. The composition according to claim 1, wherein said immunomodulator comprises IL-lα or IL-lβ polypeptide, or a fragment or variant thereof.
3. The composition according to claim 2, wherein said immunomodulator is an IL- 1 (3 polypeptide.
4. The composition according to claim 3, wherein said IL-lβ polypeptide is human mature IL- 1 β .
5. The composition according to claim 4, wherein said EL- lβ polypeptide has an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO. 1.
6. The composition according to claim 1, wherein said composition further comprises a second immunomodulator.
7. The composition according to claim 6, wherein s d second immunomodulator is selected from the group consisting of IL-2, IL-4, IL-12, and biologically active fragments and variants thereof.
8. The composition according to claim 1, wherein said composition further comprises an antigenic composition.
9. The composition according to claim 8, wherein said vaccine composition is selected from the group consisting of whole inactivated viras, attenuated viras, recombinant or synthetic polypeptides, haptens, antigens, and immunogens.
10. The composition according to claim 1, wherein said encapsulation matrix is a liposome.
11. The composition according to claim 1, wherein said encapsulation matrix comprises a biocompatible polymer.
12. The composition according to claim 11, wherein said biocompatible polymer is selected from the group consisting of lactic acid, glycolide .and glutamic acid.
13. The composition according to claim 1, wherein said matrix comprises a molecule for targeting said encapsulated composition to a target tissue or cell.
14. The composition according to claim 13, wherein said targeting molecule is an Fc portion of immunoglobulin.
15. The composition according to claim 13, wherein said targeting molecule is an antibody that is immunoreactive with a molecule expressed on the surface of said target tissue or cell.
16. The composition according to claim 15, wherein said antibody binds to MHC class π molecules.
17. A method for modulating an immune response of an animal to an antigen, immunogen, or vaccine, said method comprising administering to the animal a composition comprising an immunomodulator encapsulated in a matrix.
18. The method according to claim 17, wherein said immunomodulator comprises an IL-lβ polypeptide, an IL-lα polypeptide, or a fragment or variant thereof.
19. The method according to claim 17, wherein said encapsulated immunomodulator is administered prior to administration of said antigen, immunogen, or vaccine.
20. The method according to claim 17, wherein said encapsulated immunomodulator is administered subsequent to administration of said antigen, immunogen, or vaccine.
21. The method according to claim 19, wherein said polypeptide is human mature IL-lβ.
22. The method according to claim 17, wherein a second encapsulated immunomodulator is administered.
23. The method according to claim 22, wherein said second immunomodulator is selected from the group consisting of LL-2, IL-4, IL-12, and biologically active fragments and variants thereof.
24. The method according to claim 17, wherein said method further comprises administering a vaccine composition.
25. The method according to claim 24, wherein said vaccine composition is selected from the group consisting of whole inactivated viras, attenuated virus, recombinant or synthetic polypeptides, haptens, antigens, and immunogens.
26. The method according to claim 17, wherein said encapsulation matrix is a liposome.
27. The method according to claim 17, wherein said encapsulation matrix comprises a biocompatible polymer.
28. The method according to claim 27, wherein said biocompatible polymer is selected from the group consisting of lactic acid, glycolide and glutamic acid.
29. The method according to claim 17, wherein said matrix comprises a molecule for targeting said encapsulated composition to a target tissue or cell.
30. The method according to claim 29, wherein said targeting molecule is an Fc portion of immunoglobulin.
31. The method according to claim 29, wherein said targeting molecule is an antibody that is immunoreactive with a molecule expressed on the surface of said target tissue or cell.
32. The method according to claim 31, wherein said antibody binds to MHC class π molecules.
33. The method according to claim 17, wherein said encapsulated immunomodulator is administered parenterally.
34. The method according to claim 17, wherein said encapsulated immunomodulator is administered by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection.