CA2273279A1 - Biometric security encryption system - Google Patents
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- CA2273279A1 CA2273279A1 CA002273279A CA2273279A CA2273279A1 CA 2273279 A1 CA2273279 A1 CA 2273279A1 CA 002273279 A CA002273279 A CA 002273279A CA 2273279 A CA2273279 A CA 2273279A CA 2273279 A1 CA2273279 A1 CA 2273279A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06V—IMAGE OR VIDEO RECOGNITION OR UNDERSTANDING
- G06V40/00—Recognition of biometric, human-related or animal-related patterns in image or video data
- G06V40/10—Human or animal bodies, e.g. vehicle occupants or pedestrians; Body parts, e.g. hands
- G06V40/12—Fingerprints or palmprints
- G06V40/1365—Matching; Classification
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F18/00—Pattern recognition
- G06F18/20—Analysing
- G06F18/28—Determining representative reference patterns, e.g. by averaging or distorting; Generating dictionaries
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Abstract
A method of registering biometric data for use in determining a template for user verification is disclosed wherein a number of instances on input biometric data are accepted from each user during a registration process. Each input biometric data is selected to act as a template and other biometric data are registered against the template. Registrations are evaluated and scores are accorded to each template. As long as a biometric template registers other biometric templates as matching and does so with a certainty above a predetermined threshold (resulting in a score within a predetermined range), the biometric data with the most desirable score is selected for determining the template for the user.
Description
AMEf~DE~ SHEET _ ; .
,, Doc. No. 12_20 ; ~ ~ ' ~ - ;
Biometric Security Encryption System Field of the Invention This invention relates generally to identification of individuals and more particularly relates to a method of selecting a biorxetric template for identification of individuals.
Background of the Invention Computer security is fast becoming an important issue. With the proliferation of computers and computer networks into all aspects of business and daily life -financial, medical, education, government, and communications - the concern over secure file access is growing. A common method of providing security is using l5 passwords. Password protection and/or combination type locks are employed for computer network security, automatic teller machines, telephone banking, calling cards, telephone answering services, houses, and safes. These systems generally require the knowledge of an entry code that has been selected by a user or has been preset.
Preset codes are often forgotten as users have no reliable method of remembering them. Writing down the codes and storing them in close proximity to the access control device (i.e. The combination lock) results in a secure access control system with a very insecure code. Alternatively, the nuisance of trying several code variations renders the access control system more of a problem than a solution.
Password systems are known to suffer from other disadvantages. Usually, passwords are specified by a user. Most users, being unsophisticated users of security systems, choose passwords which are relatively insecure. As such, many password systems are easily accessed through a simple trial and error process.
A security access system that provides substantially secure access and does not require a password or access code is a biometric identification system. A
biometric "~1E".~,!~t~: S'r;ci=' , - . ~ ~ .
Doc. No. l2-20 , . "
identification system accepts unique biometric information from a user and identifies the user by matching the information against information belonging to registered users of the system.
Biometric information is defined in the art as a unique, measurable characteristic or trait of a human being for automatically recognizing or verifying identity.
Such a definition can be found, for example, in " Biometrics Explained"
by Gary Roethenbaugh, Industry Analyst of ICSA, Va. People in the art distinguish between physical biometrics such as eye (iris, and retina), face, fingerprint, hand and voice and behavioral biometrics such as signature and typing rhythm.
One such physical biometric identification system is a fingerprint recognition system.
In a fingerprint input transducer or sensor, the finger under investigation is usually pressed against a flat surface, such as a side of a glass plate; the ridge and valley pattern of the finger tip is sensed by a sensing means such as an interrogating light beam.
Various optical devices are known which employ prisms upon which a finger whose print is to be identified is placed. The prism has a first surface upon which a finger is 2o placed, a second surface disposed at an acute angle to the first surface through which the fingerprint is viewed and a third illumination surface through which light is directed into the prism. In some cases, the illumination surface is at an acute angle to the first surface, as seen for example, in US Patents 5,187,482 and 5,187,748. In other cases, the illumination surface is parallel to the first surface, as seen for example, in US Patents 5,109,427 and 5,233,404. Fingerprint identification devices of this nature are generally used to control the building-access or information-access of individuals to buildings, rooms, and devices such as computer terminals.
United States patent number 4,353,056 in the name of Tsikos issued October 5, 3o 1982, discloses an alternative kind of fingerprint sensor that uses a capacitive sensing approach. The described sensor has a two dimensional, row and column, array of pMENOEG SHEET ; , .
Doc. No. l2_2p ;
..
capacitors, each comprising a pair of spaced electrodes, carried in a sensing member and covered by an insulating film. The sensors rely upon deformation to the sensing member caused by a finger being placed thereon so as to vary locally the spacing between capacitor electrodes, according to the ridge/trough pattern of the fingerprint, and hence, the capacitance of the capacitors. In one arrangement. the capacitors of each column are connected in series with the columns of capacitor s connected in parallel and a voltage is applied across the columns. In another arrangement, a voltage is applied to each individual capacitor in the array. Sensing in the respective two arrangements is accomplished by detecting the change of voltage distribution in the series connected capacitors or by measuring the voltage values of the individual capacitances resulting from local deformation. To achieve this, an individual connection is required from the detection circuit to each capacitor.
Before the advent of computers and imaging devices, research was conducted into fingerprint characterisation and identification. Today, much of the research focus in biometrics has been directed toward improving the input transducer and the quality of the biometric input data. A second important issue to be addressed is the identification process itself and more particularly, the registration process.
A common method of registering users for a biometric identification system is to 2p capture biometric input information, characterise it, and store it as a template. The same user then provides biometric input information to the system for identification. This is repeated several times and if identification is successful, the user and their biometric template are registered. Further, the system requires an experienced operator to accept or reject instances of biometric information intended as templates.
Another common method of registering users is used in signature verification systems as disclosed, for example, in "Reference Design Procedure for Signature Verification" by C. N. Liu in IBM Technical Bulletin, vol. 21, no. 1, June 1978, page 426-427.
Upon registration an individual is required to sign n times for the verification system. Each 3p signature is compared with the other n-1 signatures and a threshold value is calculated.
The signature satisfying a predetermined threshold value is then selected as a template.
,, Doc. No. 12_20 ; ~ ~ ' ~ - ;
Biometric Security Encryption System Field of the Invention This invention relates generally to identification of individuals and more particularly relates to a method of selecting a biorxetric template for identification of individuals.
Background of the Invention Computer security is fast becoming an important issue. With the proliferation of computers and computer networks into all aspects of business and daily life -financial, medical, education, government, and communications - the concern over secure file access is growing. A common method of providing security is using l5 passwords. Password protection and/or combination type locks are employed for computer network security, automatic teller machines, telephone banking, calling cards, telephone answering services, houses, and safes. These systems generally require the knowledge of an entry code that has been selected by a user or has been preset.
Preset codes are often forgotten as users have no reliable method of remembering them. Writing down the codes and storing them in close proximity to the access control device (i.e. The combination lock) results in a secure access control system with a very insecure code. Alternatively, the nuisance of trying several code variations renders the access control system more of a problem than a solution.
Password systems are known to suffer from other disadvantages. Usually, passwords are specified by a user. Most users, being unsophisticated users of security systems, choose passwords which are relatively insecure. As such, many password systems are easily accessed through a simple trial and error process.
A security access system that provides substantially secure access and does not require a password or access code is a biometric identification system. A
biometric "~1E".~,!~t~: S'r;ci=' , - . ~ ~ .
Doc. No. l2-20 , . "
identification system accepts unique biometric information from a user and identifies the user by matching the information against information belonging to registered users of the system.
Biometric information is defined in the art as a unique, measurable characteristic or trait of a human being for automatically recognizing or verifying identity.
Such a definition can be found, for example, in " Biometrics Explained"
by Gary Roethenbaugh, Industry Analyst of ICSA, Va. People in the art distinguish between physical biometrics such as eye (iris, and retina), face, fingerprint, hand and voice and behavioral biometrics such as signature and typing rhythm.
One such physical biometric identification system is a fingerprint recognition system.
In a fingerprint input transducer or sensor, the finger under investigation is usually pressed against a flat surface, such as a side of a glass plate; the ridge and valley pattern of the finger tip is sensed by a sensing means such as an interrogating light beam.
Various optical devices are known which employ prisms upon which a finger whose print is to be identified is placed. The prism has a first surface upon which a finger is 2o placed, a second surface disposed at an acute angle to the first surface through which the fingerprint is viewed and a third illumination surface through which light is directed into the prism. In some cases, the illumination surface is at an acute angle to the first surface, as seen for example, in US Patents 5,187,482 and 5,187,748. In other cases, the illumination surface is parallel to the first surface, as seen for example, in US Patents 5,109,427 and 5,233,404. Fingerprint identification devices of this nature are generally used to control the building-access or information-access of individuals to buildings, rooms, and devices such as computer terminals.
United States patent number 4,353,056 in the name of Tsikos issued October 5, 3o 1982, discloses an alternative kind of fingerprint sensor that uses a capacitive sensing approach. The described sensor has a two dimensional, row and column, array of pMENOEG SHEET ; , .
Doc. No. l2_2p ;
..
capacitors, each comprising a pair of spaced electrodes, carried in a sensing member and covered by an insulating film. The sensors rely upon deformation to the sensing member caused by a finger being placed thereon so as to vary locally the spacing between capacitor electrodes, according to the ridge/trough pattern of the fingerprint, and hence, the capacitance of the capacitors. In one arrangement. the capacitors of each column are connected in series with the columns of capacitor s connected in parallel and a voltage is applied across the columns. In another arrangement, a voltage is applied to each individual capacitor in the array. Sensing in the respective two arrangements is accomplished by detecting the change of voltage distribution in the series connected capacitors or by measuring the voltage values of the individual capacitances resulting from local deformation. To achieve this, an individual connection is required from the detection circuit to each capacitor.
Before the advent of computers and imaging devices, research was conducted into fingerprint characterisation and identification. Today, much of the research focus in biometrics has been directed toward improving the input transducer and the quality of the biometric input data. A second important issue to be addressed is the identification process itself and more particularly, the registration process.
A common method of registering users for a biometric identification system is to 2p capture biometric input information, characterise it, and store it as a template. The same user then provides biometric input information to the system for identification. This is repeated several times and if identification is successful, the user and their biometric template are registered. Further, the system requires an experienced operator to accept or reject instances of biometric information intended as templates.
Another common method of registering users is used in signature verification systems as disclosed, for example, in "Reference Design Procedure for Signature Verification" by C. N. Liu in IBM Technical Bulletin, vol. 21, no. 1, June 1978, page 426-427.
Upon registration an individual is required to sign n times for the verification system. Each 3p signature is compared with the other n-1 signatures and a threshold value is calculated.
The signature satisfying a predetermined threshold value is then selected as a template.
i C;-?~~' . ~ ; ; ' _ _ Doc. No. 12-20 ~E~1C~~ ' , ( This method is considered necessary in the art because the signature is a behavioral biometric identifying an individual and chznges considerably under different circumstances such as using different writing tools, writing on different surfaces. The signature is also affected by the physiological and psychological condition of the signing individual.
A further method of registering users for a biometric identification system is to capture a plurality of instances of biometric input informaticn from a same user and to characterise each instance. A composite biometric template is then constructed in 1 o dependence upon the plurality of instances provided. Such a system is complicated and it requires an experienced operator to accept or reject instances of biometric information intended for template construction.
Object of the Invention It is an object of this invention to provide a means of selecting a physical biometric template or physical biometric information from which to derive a template.
It is an object of the invention to provide a method of training users to more effectively use biometric identification systems.
Summary of the Invention In accordance with the invention there is provided a method of selecting a physical biometric template for use in registering biometric information from a source comprising the steps of:
providing a plurality of different instances of same physical biometric information from the source to a processor;
using the processor, comparing the different instances of biometric information with other instances of the same physical biometric information from the different 3o instances, and determining a registration value corresponding to similarities or differences between each of the plurality of different instances and the other instances, A141ENDED SNE!_F - -Doc. No. l2-20 -selecting as the biometric template an instance from the plurality of different instances of the same biometric information for which the registration value is within predetermined limits.
The advantages of a system in accordance with this invention are numerous.
For example, registration of authorized users requires little time and expense. The chance of deriving a biometric template from poor biometric information is greatly reduced.
Brief Description of the Drawings An exemplary embodiment of the invention will now be described in conjunction with the attached drawings, in which:
Fig. 1 a is a representation of a fingerprint image captured by an optical fingerprint ~ 5 imaging means;
Fig. 1 b is a representation of another instance of a fingerprint image captured by an optical fingerprint imaging means imaging the same fingertip as that of Fig. 1 a;
Fig. 1 c is a representation of another instance of a fingerprint image captured by an optical fingerprint imaging means imaging the same fingertip as that of Fig. 1 a;
2o Fig. 2 is a flow diagram of a method of selecting a biometric template requiring 3 different biometric data sets in accordance with the invention;
Fig. 3 is a flow diagram of a further method of selecting a biometric template requiring n biometric data sets;
Fig. 4 is a flow diagram of a method of training users of a biometric input system 25 according to the invention;
Fig. 5 is a flow diagram of a method reducing false acceptance (incorrect registration) of users of a biometric identification system according to the invention;
Fig. 6 is a flow diagram of a method of identifying the source of biometric input information in a system employing the method shown in the flow diagram of Fig.
A further method of registering users for a biometric identification system is to capture a plurality of instances of biometric input informaticn from a same user and to characterise each instance. A composite biometric template is then constructed in 1 o dependence upon the plurality of instances provided. Such a system is complicated and it requires an experienced operator to accept or reject instances of biometric information intended for template construction.
Object of the Invention It is an object of this invention to provide a means of selecting a physical biometric template or physical biometric information from which to derive a template.
It is an object of the invention to provide a method of training users to more effectively use biometric identification systems.
Summary of the Invention In accordance with the invention there is provided a method of selecting a physical biometric template for use in registering biometric information from a source comprising the steps of:
providing a plurality of different instances of same physical biometric information from the source to a processor;
using the processor, comparing the different instances of biometric information with other instances of the same physical biometric information from the different 3o instances, and determining a registration value corresponding to similarities or differences between each of the plurality of different instances and the other instances, A141ENDED SNE!_F - -Doc. No. l2-20 -selecting as the biometric template an instance from the plurality of different instances of the same biometric information for which the registration value is within predetermined limits.
The advantages of a system in accordance with this invention are numerous.
For example, registration of authorized users requires little time and expense. The chance of deriving a biometric template from poor biometric information is greatly reduced.
Brief Description of the Drawings An exemplary embodiment of the invention will now be described in conjunction with the attached drawings, in which:
Fig. 1 a is a representation of a fingerprint image captured by an optical fingerprint ~ 5 imaging means;
Fig. 1 b is a representation of another instance of a fingerprint image captured by an optical fingerprint imaging means imaging the same fingertip as that of Fig. 1 a;
Fig. 1 c is a representation of another instance of a fingerprint image captured by an optical fingerprint imaging means imaging the same fingertip as that of Fig. 1 a;
2o Fig. 2 is a flow diagram of a method of selecting a biometric template requiring 3 different biometric data sets in accordance with the invention;
Fig. 3 is a flow diagram of a further method of selecting a biometric template requiring n biometric data sets;
Fig. 4 is a flow diagram of a method of training users of a biometric input system 25 according to the invention;
Fig. 5 is a flow diagram of a method reducing false acceptance (incorrect registration) of users of a biometric identification system according to the invention;
Fig. 6 is a flow diagram of a method of identifying the source of biometric input information in a system employing the method shown in the flow diagram of Fig.
5;
3o and riNIEMDEf ~'~cE~ ; . .
Doc. No. l2-20 ~ , , Fig. J is a chart showing results from registrations using each of the fingerprint images of Figs. 1 a, 1 b, and 1 c as templates and the others as biometric input information.
Detailed Description The invention will be described with respect to finger print registration. The method of this invention is useful in other biometric template selection processes as well.
to Referring to Figs. 1 a, 1 b, and 1 c, a fingerprint is shown. A fingerprint is substantially unique and is identifiable by a series of criteria. These criteria include core size, core type, location of minutia, ridge spacing, ridge type, etc.
Each feature can be located and stored for later registration of unknown prints.
Unfortunately, t 5 accurately mapping out all features and determining registration based on partial prints and skewed prints is very time consuming; and, it is beneficial to minimize the time required to register a print. Therefore, not all features are analyzed to register each print.
zo A comparison of the fingerprint of Fig. 1 a, Fig. 1 b, and Fig. 1 c will show them to have a same source; however, a comparison of the images directly is difficult as they are each different. Each time a person places a finger tip onto a fingerprint scanner, a slightly different image is captured. From one instance to another a fingerprint may be shifted, skewed, cover different parts of the finger tip or be applied 25 with different pressure. Since each captured image is substantially unique, it is likely that some images form better templates for registration than others. A method of selecting those fingerprints that form better templates is herein disclosed.
Referring to Fig. 2 a flow chart of a method according to the present invention 3o is shown. Three instances of biometric information in the form of finger prints are captured. As shown in the flow diagram, each instance is captured individually.
3o and riNIEMDEf ~'~cE~ ; . .
Doc. No. l2-20 ~ , , Fig. J is a chart showing results from registrations using each of the fingerprint images of Figs. 1 a, 1 b, and 1 c as templates and the others as biometric input information.
Detailed Description The invention will be described with respect to finger print registration. The method of this invention is useful in other biometric template selection processes as well.
to Referring to Figs. 1 a, 1 b, and 1 c, a fingerprint is shown. A fingerprint is substantially unique and is identifiable by a series of criteria. These criteria include core size, core type, location of minutia, ridge spacing, ridge type, etc.
Each feature can be located and stored for later registration of unknown prints.
Unfortunately, t 5 accurately mapping out all features and determining registration based on partial prints and skewed prints is very time consuming; and, it is beneficial to minimize the time required to register a print. Therefore, not all features are analyzed to register each print.
zo A comparison of the fingerprint of Fig. 1 a, Fig. 1 b, and Fig. 1 c will show them to have a same source; however, a comparison of the images directly is difficult as they are each different. Each time a person places a finger tip onto a fingerprint scanner, a slightly different image is captured. From one instance to another a fingerprint may be shifted, skewed, cover different parts of the finger tip or be applied 25 with different pressure. Since each captured image is substantially unique, it is likely that some images form better templates for registration than others. A method of selecting those fingerprints that form better templates is herein disclosed.
Referring to Fig. 2 a flow chart of a method according to the present invention 3o is shown. Three instances of biometric information in the form of finger prints are captured. As shown in the flow diagram, each instance is captured individually.
.. p;.y.-~
;~,,~Gt~.,~ . : . . , _ Doc. No. 12_20 ;
Preferably all instances are captured in such a way as to simulate normal use.
For example, when using a fingerprint sensor for unlocking a door, a person steps up to the door and presses their finger tip against the sensor. The person then steps away from the door and approaches the door from a second different angle. In this way, the linaerprints imaged by the sensor will better reflect a variety of possible fingerprints from a same user during normal operation and each captured image is independent, excepting the relation to a known fingertip.
Preferably, an operator ensures that each image is a "good fingerprint" prior to storing the image for characterization. Operator skill is not required when using the 1 o method of this invention, but may result in an improved template.
Each fingerprint is then characterized. Fingerprint characterization is well known and can involve many aspects of fingerprint analysis. The analysis of fingerprints is discussed in the following references which are hereby incorporated by reference:
Xiao Qinghan and Bian Zhaoqi,: An approach to Fingerprint Identification By Using the Attributes of Feature Lines of Fingerprint," IEEE Pattern Recognition, pp 663, C.B. Shelman, " Fingerprint Classification - Theory and Application," Proc. 76 2o Carnahan Conference on Electronic Crime Countermeasures, 1976.
Feri Pernus, Stanko Kovacic, and Ludvik Gyergyek, "Minutaie Based Fingerprint Registration," IEEE Pattern Recognition, pp 1380, 1980.
J.A. Ratkovic, F.W. Blackwell, and H.H. Bailey, "Concepts for a Next Generation Automated Fingerprint System," Proc. 78 Carnahan Conference on Electronic Crime Countermeasures, 1978.
K. Millard, " An approach to the Automatic Retrieval of Latent Fingerprints,"
Proc.
75 Carnahan Conference on Electronic Crime Countermeasures, 1975.
Moayer and K.S. Fu, "A Syntactic Approach to Fingerprint Pattern Recognition,"
Memo Np. 73-18, Purdue University, School of Electrical Engineering, 1973.
;~,,~Gt~.,~ . : . . , _ Doc. No. 12_20 ;
Preferably all instances are captured in such a way as to simulate normal use.
For example, when using a fingerprint sensor for unlocking a door, a person steps up to the door and presses their finger tip against the sensor. The person then steps away from the door and approaches the door from a second different angle. In this way, the linaerprints imaged by the sensor will better reflect a variety of possible fingerprints from a same user during normal operation and each captured image is independent, excepting the relation to a known fingertip.
Preferably, an operator ensures that each image is a "good fingerprint" prior to storing the image for characterization. Operator skill is not required when using the 1 o method of this invention, but may result in an improved template.
Each fingerprint is then characterized. Fingerprint characterization is well known and can involve many aspects of fingerprint analysis. The analysis of fingerprints is discussed in the following references which are hereby incorporated by reference:
Xiao Qinghan and Bian Zhaoqi,: An approach to Fingerprint Identification By Using the Attributes of Feature Lines of Fingerprint," IEEE Pattern Recognition, pp 663, C.B. Shelman, " Fingerprint Classification - Theory and Application," Proc. 76 2o Carnahan Conference on Electronic Crime Countermeasures, 1976.
Feri Pernus, Stanko Kovacic, and Ludvik Gyergyek, "Minutaie Based Fingerprint Registration," IEEE Pattern Recognition, pp 1380, 1980.
J.A. Ratkovic, F.W. Blackwell, and H.H. Bailey, "Concepts for a Next Generation Automated Fingerprint System," Proc. 78 Carnahan Conference on Electronic Crime Countermeasures, 1978.
K. Millard, " An approach to the Automatic Retrieval of Latent Fingerprints,"
Proc.
75 Carnahan Conference on Electronic Crime Countermeasures, 1975.
Moayer and K.S. Fu, "A Syntactic Approach to Fingerprint Pattern Recognition,"
Memo Np. 73-18, Purdue University, School of Electrical Engineering, 1973.
AMENDED St~Er~l~
Doc. No. l2_2p ;
Wegstein, An Automated Fingerprint Identification System, NBS special publication, U.S. Department of Commerce/National Bureau of Standards, ISSN 0083-1883; no.
X00-89, 1982.
Woenssens, Arldre A., Fingerprint Techniques, Chilton Book Co., 1971.
Wegstein and J.F. Rafferty, The LY39 Latent Fingerprint Llatcher, NBS special publication, U.S. Department of Commerce/National Bureau of StandaYds; no. ~00-36, 1978.
Using the method of the present invention, a same characterization method is 1 o employed in characterizing each fingerprint. This allows for comparisons between .
characterized images. Alternatively, a series of characterizations are performed on each fingerprint to determine a best fingerprint from which to select the template and a best characterization for the template. Use of multiple characterizations increases the overhead required to characterize a fingerprint during normal use. It will be apparent to those of skill in the art that when multiple characterizations are employed, only similarly characterized fingerprints are compared. The remainder of this description assumes the use of only one form of characterization.
Each characterized image is selected, one at a time, and all other characterized images are registered against the selected characterized image. The selected characterized 2p image acts as a template and the remaining characterized images act as user input biometric information. This results in six registrations. For each characterized image (serving as a template) a score is achieved. The score is based on the correlation between the characterized image (as template) and the other characterized images. The six registrations produce six different scores,two for each characterized image, which are compared. Alternatively, the scores for each characterized image, as template are added or averaged. The characterized image with the most desirable scores) is selected to be the template. The scores) is(are) then compared to a threshold value to determine suitability. When suitable, the image and the characterized image are stored and form the biometric information registration template. Alternatively, only the 3p characterized image is stored. When the scores are not suitable, the characterized images are discarded and the method is followed again. Alternatively, only some s~~ME~VDEJ 5~:_:
Doc. No. 12-20 characterized images are discarded and others are stored; the method is reapplied .capturing only as many new images as are necessary in order to select a template.
In an alternative embodiment shown in Fig. 3, n instances of biometric information in the form of fingerprints are captured. Preferably, the captured images _ are independent as described above. Each image is characterized to produce a characterized image. At least some of the characterized images are selected.
Against each of the characterized images selected, some other characterized images are registered. Should all characterized images be selected and compared against all other 1 o images, the number of resulting comparisons is (n) (n-1 ). For each registration, a resulting score is associated with the selected characterized image. The scores associated with each selected characterized image are compared and a characterized image with a most desirable set of scores is identified. The scores of the identified characterized image are verified against a threshold value to ensure that the identified characterized image is acceptable and the identified characterized image and the associated image are stored as a template. Alternatively, only the identified characterized image is stored as a template.
Alternatively, n instances of biometric information in the form of fingerprints 2o are captured as shown in Fig. 3 and m further instances of biometric information in the form of fingerprints are provided. Preferably, the further images are selected to ensure a selected biometric template is unlikely to result in false registrations. The selection of the m instances is based on false authorizations that have occurred with some templates. Alternatively, the selection of the m instances is based on the characterization of the n images. Alternatively, the selection of the m instances is based on a random selection. Against each of the characterized images from the n instances, some other characterized images are registered as are characterized images from the m instances. For each registration, a resulting score is associated with the selected characterized image. Scores indicative of similarities are desirable for registrations with characterized images from the n instances. Scores indicative of differences are desirable for characterized images from the m instances. The scores AMENDED SHE~~
Doc. No. l2-20 associated with each selected characterized image are compared and a characterized image with a most desirable set of stores is identified. Desirability of a set of scores is dependent on a predetermined level of security and on an application in which biometric identification is being used. The scores of the identified characterized image are verified against a threshold value to ensure that the identified characterized image is an acceptable template. Preferably, the template results in no authorization of instances from the m instances.
Preferably, the same characterized images are registered against each template.
1 o Further preferably, the scores are added or averaged.
Alternatively, the characterized image is modified prior to storing same. The modifications include removing features that failed to match similar features in at least some of the other characterized images. In this way, false features are reduced and improved registration results.
Most biometric identification systems work most effectively when users provide similar biometric input information each time they access a system.
False rejections often result from inexperienced users of a biometric input device and more 2o specifically from poor presentation of biometric information.
Referring to Fig. 4, a further use of a method according to this invention is automated training of users of biometric identification systems. A user provides a plurality of biometric input samples to a system. The system selects a sample as a template according to the present invention and reports on the resulting selected template and the resulting score(s). A first sample is discarded and replaced by a new sample. This is repeated for several trials until the template and the scores) are substantially similar between trials. Given that the score exceeds a predetermined threshold, it is likely that the user is providing biometric input information to the system that is useable for user identification.
Doc. No. l2_2p ;
Wegstein, An Automated Fingerprint Identification System, NBS special publication, U.S. Department of Commerce/National Bureau of Standards, ISSN 0083-1883; no.
X00-89, 1982.
Woenssens, Arldre A., Fingerprint Techniques, Chilton Book Co., 1971.
Wegstein and J.F. Rafferty, The LY39 Latent Fingerprint Llatcher, NBS special publication, U.S. Department of Commerce/National Bureau of StandaYds; no. ~00-36, 1978.
Using the method of the present invention, a same characterization method is 1 o employed in characterizing each fingerprint. This allows for comparisons between .
characterized images. Alternatively, a series of characterizations are performed on each fingerprint to determine a best fingerprint from which to select the template and a best characterization for the template. Use of multiple characterizations increases the overhead required to characterize a fingerprint during normal use. It will be apparent to those of skill in the art that when multiple characterizations are employed, only similarly characterized fingerprints are compared. The remainder of this description assumes the use of only one form of characterization.
Each characterized image is selected, one at a time, and all other characterized images are registered against the selected characterized image. The selected characterized 2p image acts as a template and the remaining characterized images act as user input biometric information. This results in six registrations. For each characterized image (serving as a template) a score is achieved. The score is based on the correlation between the characterized image (as template) and the other characterized images. The six registrations produce six different scores,two for each characterized image, which are compared. Alternatively, the scores for each characterized image, as template are added or averaged. The characterized image with the most desirable scores) is selected to be the template. The scores) is(are) then compared to a threshold value to determine suitability. When suitable, the image and the characterized image are stored and form the biometric information registration template. Alternatively, only the 3p characterized image is stored. When the scores are not suitable, the characterized images are discarded and the method is followed again. Alternatively, only some s~~ME~VDEJ 5~:_:
Doc. No. 12-20 characterized images are discarded and others are stored; the method is reapplied .capturing only as many new images as are necessary in order to select a template.
In an alternative embodiment shown in Fig. 3, n instances of biometric information in the form of fingerprints are captured. Preferably, the captured images _ are independent as described above. Each image is characterized to produce a characterized image. At least some of the characterized images are selected.
Against each of the characterized images selected, some other characterized images are registered. Should all characterized images be selected and compared against all other 1 o images, the number of resulting comparisons is (n) (n-1 ). For each registration, a resulting score is associated with the selected characterized image. The scores associated with each selected characterized image are compared and a characterized image with a most desirable set of scores is identified. The scores of the identified characterized image are verified against a threshold value to ensure that the identified characterized image is acceptable and the identified characterized image and the associated image are stored as a template. Alternatively, only the identified characterized image is stored as a template.
Alternatively, n instances of biometric information in the form of fingerprints 2o are captured as shown in Fig. 3 and m further instances of biometric information in the form of fingerprints are provided. Preferably, the further images are selected to ensure a selected biometric template is unlikely to result in false registrations. The selection of the m instances is based on false authorizations that have occurred with some templates. Alternatively, the selection of the m instances is based on the characterization of the n images. Alternatively, the selection of the m instances is based on a random selection. Against each of the characterized images from the n instances, some other characterized images are registered as are characterized images from the m instances. For each registration, a resulting score is associated with the selected characterized image. Scores indicative of similarities are desirable for registrations with characterized images from the n instances. Scores indicative of differences are desirable for characterized images from the m instances. The scores AMENDED SHE~~
Doc. No. l2-20 associated with each selected characterized image are compared and a characterized image with a most desirable set of stores is identified. Desirability of a set of scores is dependent on a predetermined level of security and on an application in which biometric identification is being used. The scores of the identified characterized image are verified against a threshold value to ensure that the identified characterized image is an acceptable template. Preferably, the template results in no authorization of instances from the m instances.
Preferably, the same characterized images are registered against each template.
1 o Further preferably, the scores are added or averaged.
Alternatively, the characterized image is modified prior to storing same. The modifications include removing features that failed to match similar features in at least some of the other characterized images. In this way, false features are reduced and improved registration results.
Most biometric identification systems work most effectively when users provide similar biometric input information each time they access a system.
False rejections often result from inexperienced users of a biometric input device and more 2o specifically from poor presentation of biometric information.
Referring to Fig. 4, a further use of a method according to this invention is automated training of users of biometric identification systems. A user provides a plurality of biometric input samples to a system. The system selects a sample as a template according to the present invention and reports on the resulting selected template and the resulting score(s). A first sample is discarded and replaced by a new sample. This is repeated for several trials until the template and the scores) are substantially similar between trials. Given that the score exceeds a predetermined threshold, it is likely that the user is providing biometric input information to the system that is useable for user identification.
~!~f~tL~ ~a'iW : _ Doc. No. t 2-20 In using biometric information in the form of fingerprint images for user identification, false registration is a great concern. Often, false registration is a function of the biometric information and not an "error" on the part of an identification system. Two different users may share many common features in their biometric information, and therefore, each may register as the other. In selecting templates, it would be advantageous to reduce false registration as mach as possible.
Referring to Fig. 5, a method of using a method according to the present invention for reducing false registration is presented. Templates are selected according to a known method of selecting same. A plurality of images are captured for each individual t 0 having a template. The images are each characterized and their characterizations are stored. Each image is registered against every template to identify potential false registrations. For large systems, such a task is very time consuming and would be best executed as a background task. When a possible false registration is identified, a further template is selected (from the images and characterized images) to distinguish t 5 between correct and false registration. The further template is stored with the original ~mplate in a hierarchical fashion. The task executes until all images have been registered against all templates.
Referring to Fig. 6, a flow diagram of a method of identifying a user in 20 dependence upon biometric input information is shown for a system employing a method of reducing false registration as described with reference to Fig. 5. A
user provides biometric information in the form of a fingerprint image. The image is characterized. The characterized image is compared against templates to locate user information. When a registration occurs (a template is sufficiently similar to the 25 biometric information provided) the system verifies that false registration is unlikely.
When false registration is unlikely, registration is complete. When it is likely, the biometric information provided is compared to templates corresponding to each potential false registration associated with the registered template. When no further registration occurs, the registration process is complete.
Referring to Fig. 5, a method of using a method according to the present invention for reducing false registration is presented. Templates are selected according to a known method of selecting same. A plurality of images are captured for each individual t 0 having a template. The images are each characterized and their characterizations are stored. Each image is registered against every template to identify potential false registrations. For large systems, such a task is very time consuming and would be best executed as a background task. When a possible false registration is identified, a further template is selected (from the images and characterized images) to distinguish t 5 between correct and false registration. The further template is stored with the original ~mplate in a hierarchical fashion. The task executes until all images have been registered against all templates.
Referring to Fig. 6, a flow diagram of a method of identifying a user in 20 dependence upon biometric input information is shown for a system employing a method of reducing false registration as described with reference to Fig. 5. A
user provides biometric information in the form of a fingerprint image. The image is characterized. The characterized image is compared against templates to locate user information. When a registration occurs (a template is sufficiently similar to the 25 biometric information provided) the system verifies that false registration is unlikely.
When false registration is unlikely, registration is complete. When it is likely, the biometric information provided is compared to templates corresponding to each potential false registration associated with the registered template. When no further registration occurs, the registration process is complete.
Doc. No. 1?-20 When a further registration occurs, the registration process selects at least another template against which to verify the provided biometric information.
This at least another template is stored associated with the templates against which registration has occurred. Selecting and storing the further template is described above with reference to Fig. ~. The further template improves the probability of distinguishing between each of the two potential false registrations identified.
Referring to Fig. 7, correlation results are shown for the finger prints of Fig.
1 a, Fig. 1 b, and Fig. 1 c. The results indicate that registering a fingerprint on a second 1 o fingerprint is not commutative. As such, the number of registrations required to select a template can not be reduced by registering each pair only one time.
Alternatively, the method is employed with retinal scanned biometric information. Further alternatively, the method is employed with palm prints.
Further alternatively, the method is employed with non image biometric rata such as voice prints.
Numerous other embodiments may be envisaged without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
This at least another template is stored associated with the templates against which registration has occurred. Selecting and storing the further template is described above with reference to Fig. ~. The further template improves the probability of distinguishing between each of the two potential false registrations identified.
Referring to Fig. 7, correlation results are shown for the finger prints of Fig.
1 a, Fig. 1 b, and Fig. 1 c. The results indicate that registering a fingerprint on a second 1 o fingerprint is not commutative. As such, the number of registrations required to select a template can not be reduced by registering each pair only one time.
Alternatively, the method is employed with retinal scanned biometric information. Further alternatively, the method is employed with palm prints.
Further alternatively, the method is employed with non image biometric rata such as voice prints.
Numerous other embodiments may be envisaged without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (10)
1. A method of selecting a biometric template for use in registering physical biometric information from a source, comprising the steps of:
providing a plurality of different instances of physical biometric information from the same physical biometric information source to a processor;
using the processor, selecting each instance of the plurality of different instances;
for each selected instance, using the processor comparing the selected instance with other instances of biometric information from the different instances, and determining a registration value corresponding to similarities or differences between the selected instance and the other instances; and, selecting as the biometric template an instance from the plurality of different instances of the same biometric information for which the registration value is within predetermined limits.
providing a plurality of different instances of physical biometric information from the same physical biometric information source to a processor;
using the processor, selecting each instance of the plurality of different instances;
for each selected instance, using the processor comparing the selected instance with other instances of biometric information from the different instances, and determining a registration value corresponding to similarities or differences between the selected instance and the other instances; and, selecting as the biometric template an instance from the plurality of different instances of the same biometric information for which the registration value is within predetermined limits.
2. A method of selecting a biometric template for use in registering physical biometric information of a source as defined in claim 1 further comprising the step of storing the selected biometric template.
3. A method of selecting a biometric template for use in registering physical biometric information of a source as defined in claim 1 wherein the biometric information comprises an image of a part of a human body.
4. A method of selecting a biometric template for use in registering physical biometric information of a source as defined in claim 3 wherein the registration value is an average of the similarities or differences.
5. A method of selecting a biometric template for use in registering physical biometric information of a source as defined in claim 1 further comprising the step of testing the registration value against a predetermined threshold value.
6. A method of selecting a biometric template for use in registering physical biometric information of a source as defined in claim 1 further comprising the step of characterising each instance of physical biometric information.
7. A method of selecting a biometric template for use in registering physical biometric information of a source as defined in claim 1 further comprising the steps of determining a score for each instance of the same physical biometric information in dependence upon the registration values; and providing an output signal indicative of the scores.
8. A method of selecting a biometric template for use in registering physical biometric information from a biometric input device as defined in claim 1 further comprising the steps of:
providing a second plurality of different instances of the same physical biometric information from the biometric input device to a processor; and for each selected instance comparing that selected instance with instances of the second plurality of different instances of the same physical biometric information, and modifying the registration value in dependence upon similarities or differences between each selected instance and instances of the second plurality of different instances of physical biometric information.
providing a second plurality of different instances of the same physical biometric information from the biometric input device to a processor; and for each selected instance comparing that selected instance with instances of the second plurality of different instances of the same physical biometric information, and modifying the registration value in dependence upon similarities or differences between each selected instance and instances of the second plurality of different instances of physical biometric information.
9. A method of selecting a biometric template for use in registering physical biometric information from a biometric input device comprising the steps of:
providing a plurality of different instances of physical biometric information from the biometric input device to a processor;
storing each instance of physical biometric information;
selecting each instance of the plurality of different instances; and for each selected instance comparing that selected instance with other of the different instances of physical biometric information provided, and determining a registration value corresponding to similarities or differences between each selected instance; selecting as the biometric template an instance from the plurality of different instances for which the registration value is within predetermined limits;
storing the biometric template;registering each stored instance of physical biometric information against previously stored registered physical biometric information; and, when a possible false registration is identified, storing the instance of physical biometric information as a false registration template of the registered physical biometric information.
providing a plurality of different instances of physical biometric information from the biometric input device to a processor;
storing each instance of physical biometric information;
selecting each instance of the plurality of different instances; and for each selected instance comparing that selected instance with other of the different instances of physical biometric information provided, and determining a registration value corresponding to similarities or differences between each selected instance; selecting as the biometric template an instance from the plurality of different instances for which the registration value is within predetermined limits;
storing the biometric template;registering each stored instance of physical biometric information against previously stored registered physical biometric information; and, when a possible false registration is identified, storing the instance of physical biometric information as a false registration template of the registered physical biometric information.
10. A method of identifying an individual in dependence upon biometric input information from a biometric input device comprising the steps of:
providing the biometric input information of the individual from the biometric input device to a processor;
comparing the biometric input information to biometric templates until a registered biometric template is sufficiently similar to the biometric input information;
determining a likelihood of false registration;
when false registration is unlikely, providing the identification for identifying the individual; and, when false registration is likely, comparing the biometric input information to biometric templates corresponding to potential false registrations associated with the registered biometric template.
providing the biometric input information of the individual from the biometric input device to a processor;
comparing the biometric input information to biometric templates until a registered biometric template is sufficiently similar to the biometric input information;
determining a likelihood of false registration;
when false registration is unlikely, providing the identification for identifying the individual; and, when false registration is likely, comparing the biometric input information to biometric templates corresponding to potential false registrations associated with the registered biometric template.
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| US08/760,228 | 1996-12-04 | ||
| PCT/CA1997/000924 WO1998025227A1 (en) | 1996-12-04 | 1997-12-02 | Biometric security encryption system |
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| CA2273279A1 true CA2273279A1 (en) | 1998-06-11 |
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| CA (1) | CA2273279A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1998025227A1 (en) |
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| US6230148B1 (en) | 1994-11-28 | 2001-05-08 | Veristar Corporation | Tokenless biometric electric check transaction |
| US6950810B2 (en) | 1994-11-28 | 2005-09-27 | Indivos Corporation | Tokenless biometric electronic financial transactions via a third party identicator |
| US6397198B1 (en) | 1994-11-28 | 2002-05-28 | Indivos Corporation | Tokenless biometric electronic transactions using an audio signature to identify the transaction processor |
| US6269348B1 (en) | 1994-11-28 | 2001-07-31 | Veristar Corporation | Tokenless biometric electronic debit and credit transactions |
| EP1071034A3 (en) * | 1999-06-28 | 2002-09-18 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Fingerprint enrollment |
| JP3620391B2 (en) * | 2000-02-23 | 2005-02-16 | 日本電気株式会社 | Fingerprint input device, image determination method used therefor, and recording medium recording control program thereof |
| US7565329B2 (en) | 2000-05-31 | 2009-07-21 | Yt Acquisition Corporation | Biometric financial transaction system and method |
| US9165323B1 (en) | 2000-05-31 | 2015-10-20 | Open Innovation Network, LLC | Biometric transaction system and method |
| KR100353731B1 (en) | 2000-11-01 | 2002-09-28 | (주)니트 젠 | User authenticating system and method using one-time fingerprint template |
| JP2002259980A (en) | 2001-03-05 | 2002-09-13 | Omron Corp | Device, system and method for organism collation, and method for updating registered data |
| WO2002089018A1 (en) * | 2001-05-02 | 2002-11-07 | Secugen Corporation | Authenticating user on computer network for biometric information |
| US9390327B2 (en) | 2013-09-16 | 2016-07-12 | Eyeverify, Llc | Feature extraction and matching for biometric authentication |
| US8965066B1 (en) | 2013-09-16 | 2015-02-24 | Eye Verify LLC | Biometric template security and key generation |
| PH12018500541B1 (en) | 2015-09-11 | 2024-04-12 | Jumio Corp | Method and system for determining a quality metric in biometric authentication |
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| US4802231A (en) * | 1987-11-24 | 1989-01-31 | Elliot Davis | Pattern recognition error reduction system |
| US5210797A (en) * | 1989-10-30 | 1993-05-11 | Kokusan Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Adaptive dictionary for a fingerprint recognizer |
| GB2271657A (en) * | 1992-10-16 | 1994-04-20 | British Tech Group | Signature verification |
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- 1997-12-02 CA CA002273279A patent/CA2273279A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1997-12-02 AU AU51144/98A patent/AU5114498A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1997-12-02 WO PCT/CA1997/000924 patent/WO1998025227A1/en active Application Filing
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| WO1998025227A1 (en) | 1998-06-11 |
| AU5114498A (en) | 1998-06-29 |
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