JPH0386536A - Laminated nonwoven sheet - Google Patents
Laminated nonwoven sheetInfo
- Publication number
- JPH0386536A JPH0386536A JP22372789A JP22372789A JPH0386536A JP H0386536 A JPH0386536 A JP H0386536A JP 22372789 A JP22372789 A JP 22372789A JP 22372789 A JP22372789 A JP 22372789A JP H0386536 A JPH0386536 A JP H0386536A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- nonwoven fabric
- fibers
- laminated
- embossing
- laminated nonwoven
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 claims description 48
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- 238000004049 embossing Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 229920003002 synthetic resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000057 synthetic resin Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002759 woven fabric Substances 0.000 description 9
- -1 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 239000005022 packaging material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000004753 textile Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002074 melt spinning Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920002239 polyacrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000004080 punching Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009960 carding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000004081 cilia Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000001886 ciliary effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002573 ethenylidene group Chemical group [*]=C=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000003063 flame retardant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012760 heat stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009941 weaving Methods 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
Abstract
(57)【要約】本公報は電子出願前の出願データであるた
め要約のデータは記録されません。(57) [Summary] This bulletin contains application data before electronic filing, so abstract data is not recorded.
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
〔産業上の利用分野〕
本発明は包装材料等に利用される積層不織布シートに関
するものである。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [Field of Industrial Application] The present invention relates to a laminated nonwoven fabric sheet used for packaging materials and the like.
合成樹脂の長繊維あるいは短繊維をランダムに配列して
形成された不織布は、エンボス加工を施すことにより強
度を増すことができ、使用樹脂、目付、エンボスの形状
、エンボス条件を選択することにより、柔軟性や強度を
調整できるため、包装材料として利用されている。Non-woven fabrics made by randomly arranging long or short fibers of synthetic resin can be strengthened by embossing. By selecting the resin used, the basis weight, the shape of the embossing, and the embossing conditions, It is used as a packaging material because its flexibility and strength can be adjusted.
しかしながら、例えば布団袋や収納袋のように内容物が
重い場合、高強度が要求され、従来の不織布では強度不
足である。強度を大きくするために5例えば目付を増加
するとコスト高となり、またエンボス加工を多く施すと
柔軟性が低下して品質が低下する。However, when the contents are heavy, such as a futon bag or a storage bag, high strength is required, and conventional nonwoven fabrics do not have enough strength. In order to increase strength, for example, if the basis weight is increased, the cost will increase, and if a large amount of embossing is applied, the flexibility will decrease and the quality will deteriorate.
一方、特開昭58−36446号公報により、治水工事
、治山工事、道路建設あるいは埋立て地に構造物を建設
する際、地盤の変形や沈下を生じないように前もって地
盤の改質を行うために、不織布層と編織布層を積層し、
ニードルパンチ加工により一体化した土木資材シートが
知られている。On the other hand, according to Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 58-36446, when constructing structures on flood control work, mountain control work, road construction, or reclaimed land, it is necessary to improve the ground in advance to prevent ground deformation and subsidence. Then, a non-woven fabric layer and a woven fabric layer are laminated,
Civil engineering material sheets that are integrated by needle punching are known.
しかしながらこのような積層シートは、高強度で柔軟性
を有するが、厚肉に形成する必要があり、包装材料とし
て使用するために薄肉に形成すると、ニードルパンチに
よる結合ができず、薄肉で高強度の積層シートは得られ
ない。さらに包装材料のように内容物とともに運搬され
る場合には耐剥離性などの形状保持性能に劣るなどの問
題点がある。However, although such laminated sheets have high strength and flexibility, they must be formed with a thick wall, and if they are formed into a thin wall for use as a packaging material, they cannot be bonded by needle punching, and the thin wall and high strength A laminated sheet cannot be obtained. Furthermore, when the material is transported together with the contents, such as a packaging material, there are problems such as poor shape retention performance such as peel resistance.
本発明の目的は、上記問題点を解決するため、柔軟性を
有し、薄肉に形成しても高強度で、かつ安価な積層不織
布シートを提供することである。SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, an object of the present invention is to provide a laminated nonwoven fabric sheet that is flexible, has high strength even when formed thinly, and is inexpensive.
本発明は5合成樹脂の長繊維または短繊維をランダムに
配列して形成された少なくとも2枚の不織布間に、編織
布をはさんで、エンボス加工により結合したことを特徴
とする積層不織布シートである。The present invention is a laminated nonwoven fabric sheet characterized in that a knitted fabric is sandwiched between at least two nonwoven fabrics formed by randomly arranging long fibers or short fibers of synthetic resin and bonded by embossing. be.
本発明において使用する不織布は、合成樹脂の長繊維も
しくは短繊維をランダムに配列して形成された不織布で
あり、ポリアミド繊維、ポリエステル繊維、ポリアクリ
ロニトリル繊維、ポリビニルアルコール繊維、ポリ塩化
ビニル繊維、ポリ塩化ビニリデン繊維、ポリエチレン繊
維、ポリプロピレン繊維、ポリスチレン繊維等の長繊維
(連続繊維を含む)もしくは短繊維で造られた不織布が
例示できる。このなかでは、特にポリアミド繊維、ポリ
エステル繊維、ポリビニルアルコール繊維、ポリエチレ
ン繊維、ポリプロピレン繊維で造られた不織布が好まし
い。また前記繊維は、種々のドラフト率や延伸倍率で成
形されたものがあるが、特に高強度、低伸度のものが好
ましい。The nonwoven fabric used in the present invention is a nonwoven fabric formed by randomly arranging long fibers or short fibers of synthetic resin, and includes polyamide fibers, polyester fibers, polyacrylonitrile fibers, polyvinyl alcohol fibers, polyvinyl chloride fibers, polychlorinated Examples include nonwoven fabrics made of long fibers (including continuous fibers) or short fibers such as vinylidene fibers, polyethylene fibers, polypropylene fibers, and polystyrene fibers. Among these, nonwoven fabrics made of polyamide fibers, polyester fibers, polyvinyl alcohol fibers, polyethylene fibers, and polypropylene fibers are particularly preferred. The fibers may be molded with various draft ratios and draw ratios, but those with high strength and low elongation are particularly preferred.
不織布の長繊維もしくは短繊維は通常溶融紡糸により成
形され、ランダム化された繊維群は、例えばスクリーン
等で捕集してウェブが形成される。The long fibers or short fibers of the nonwoven fabric are usually formed by melt spinning, and the randomized fiber groups are collected with a screen or the like to form a web.
さらに所望により、熱安定剤、酸化防止剤、紫外線吸収
剤、顔料、難燃剤等を溶融紡糸の際、ウェブ形成の際お
よびその前後において添加したり表面処理したりしても
よい。このようにして造られる不織布の長繊維もしくは
短繊維は工ないし20デニールのもので、不織布の目付
は10ないし100g/l(1枚あたり)の薄いものが
好ましい。Furthermore, if desired, heat stabilizers, antioxidants, ultraviolet absorbers, pigments, flame retardants, etc. may be added or surface treated during melt spinning, during web formation, before or after the web formation. The long fibers or short fibers of the nonwoven fabric produced in this manner are preferably denier to 20 denier, and the nonwoven fabric is preferably thin with a basis weight of 10 to 100 g/l (per sheet).
本発明で用いる編織布は、エンボス加工により不織布層
と一体化して高強度が得られるものが好ましく、その材
質としては合成樹脂製のものが、不織布層との接着性が
良く有利である。この合成樹脂としては、具体的には、
ポリアミド系、ポリエステル系、ポリアクリルニトリル
系、ポリビニルアルコール系、ポリオレフィン系、ポリ
スチレン系等があり、このなかではポリエチレンやポリ
プロピレン等のポリオレフィンが好ましい。The textile fabric used in the present invention is preferably one that can be integrated with the nonwoven fabric layer by embossing to obtain high strength, and a synthetic resin material is advantageous because it has good adhesion to the nonwoven fabric layer. Specifically, this synthetic resin includes:
There are polyamide-based, polyester-based, polyacrylonitrile-based, polyvinyl alcohol-based, polyolefin-based, polystyrene-based, etc., and among these, polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene are preferred.
これらの合成樹脂を用いる場合、フラットヤーン、解繊
糸、繊毛等のヤーンを用いて編織布を形成することがで
きる。フラットヤーンは合成樹脂フィルムまたはテープ
を所定の寸法にスリットしたものである。解繊糸は合成
樹脂フィルムまたはテープをカーデイング機で規則的も
しくは不規則に解繊したものである。繊毛糸は網目構造
を有することなく、構成繊維各部分の繊維分布をコント
ロールすることによって得られるスパン電機の風合を有
する嵩高糸である。いずれの場合も、これらを形成する
合成樹脂フィルムまたはテープは延伸により高強度を付
与したものが好ましい、これらのヤーンは100ないし
3000デニールのものが好ましい。When these synthetic resins are used, knitted or woven fabrics can be formed using yarns such as flat yarns, fibrillated yarns, and cilia. Flat yarn is a synthetic resin film or tape slit to a predetermined size. Defibrated yarn is a synthetic resin film or tape that is regularly or irregularly defibrated using a carding machine. Ciliary yarn is a bulky yarn that does not have a network structure and has a spun electric texture obtained by controlling the fiber distribution of each part of the constituent fibers. In either case, the synthetic resin film or tape forming these is preferably one that has been given high strength by stretching, and these yarns are preferably 100 to 3000 deniers.
これらのヤーンから形成する編織布の編織物組織として
は、平織、あや織、朱子織を始めとして、これら基本組
織を応用した各種の編織物組織とすることができる。ま
たフラットヤーンの場合、タテ糸およびヨコ糸を織るこ
となく、例えば上下に交差するように並べてスポット溶
接等により交差部で接合して編織布とすることもできる
。ヤーンの織込本数は任意に選定でき、織込本数の多い
場合は強度が大きくなり、少ない場合は通気性が大きく
なる。合成樹脂ヤーンを使用する場合は、エンボスによ
り不織布と溶着できるため、織込本数を多くすることが
できるが、不織布と溶着できないヤーンの場合は、網目
を通して上下の不織布が溶着するように、織込本数を少
なくする必要がある。The knitted fabric structure of the knitted fabric formed from these yarns includes plain weave, twill weave, satin weave, and various knitted fabric structures that apply these basic structures. In the case of flat yarns, the warp and weft yarns may be arranged in a vertically intersecting manner and joined at the intersections by spot welding or the like to produce a knitted or woven fabric, for example, without weaving the warp yarns and the weft yarns. The number of woven yarns can be arbitrarily selected; the greater the number of woven yarns, the greater the strength; the smaller the number, the greater the breathability. When using synthetic resin yarn, it is possible to weld it to the non-woven fabric by embossing, so the number of yarns can be increased. However, if the yarn cannot be welded to the non-woven fabric, it is necessary to weave it so that the upper and lower non-woven fabrics are welded through the mesh. It is necessary to reduce the number.
本発明の積層不織布シートは、少なくとも2枚の不織布
間に編織布をはさんでエンボス加工により結合したもの
であるが、JiWJ1m布の積層は不織布製造時にイン
ラインで行ってもよく、また製造後アウトラインで行っ
てもよい、エンボス加工は上記の積層体を加熱下にエン
ボスロール間またはエンボスロールとミラーロール間に
通してエンボスを形成する。このときエンボス形成部分
は、溶着性編織布を使用する場合は上下の不織布および
編織布が溶着により結合され、非溶着性の編織布の場合
は上下の不織布が編織布の編目を通して結合される。The laminated nonwoven fabric sheet of the present invention is made by sandwiching a knitted fabric between at least two nonwoven fabrics and bonding them together by embossing. However, the lamination of the JiWJ1m fabric may be performed in-line during the production of the nonwoven fabric, or the outline after production may be Embossing may be carried out by passing the above-mentioned laminate under heat between embossing rolls or between an embossing roll and a mirror roll to form an embossing. At this time, in the case of using a weldable knitted or woven fabric, the upper and lower nonwoven fabrics and the knitted or woven fabric are bonded together by welding, and in the case of a non-weldable knitted or woven fabric, the upper and lower nonwoven fabrics are bonded through the stitches of the knitted or woven fabric.
エンボスの形状、面積、加工条件等は、不織布等の材質
や目的に合せて任意に選択できる。例えばエンボスの面
積を多くすると得られる積層不織布シートの強度が大き
くて硬くなる。また不織布層と編織布層との積層方法も
、不織布層/[織布層/不織布層の3層構造が好ましい
が、4層以上に積層したものでもよい。The shape, area, processing conditions, etc. of the embossing can be arbitrarily selected depending on the material of the nonwoven fabric and the purpose. For example, when the area of the embossing is increased, the resulting laminated nonwoven fabric sheet becomes stronger and harder. Further, as for the method of laminating the nonwoven fabric layer and the knitted fabric layer, a three-layer structure of nonwoven fabric layer/[woven fabric layer/nonwoven fabric layer] is preferable, but four or more layers may be laminated.
本発明の積層不織布シートは包装材料、土木建築用材料
などとして使用することができるが、布団袋のような包
装材料として特に適している。The laminated nonwoven fabric sheet of the present invention can be used as a packaging material, a material for civil engineering and construction, etc., but is particularly suitable as a packaging material such as a futon bag.
以下、本発明の詳細な説明する。 The present invention will be explained in detail below.
第1図は実施例の積層不織布シートの一部を剥離した状
態の斜視図、第2図(a)および(b)は製造工程を示
す断面図である。FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the laminated nonwoven fabric sheet of the example with a part thereof peeled off, and FIGS. 2(a) and 2(b) are sectional views showing the manufacturing process.
図において、1は積層不織布シートであり、合成樹脂の
長繊維もしくは短繊維をランダムに配列して形成された
2枚の不織布2間に、ヤーン3を規則的にタテ、ヨコに
上下に配置してスポット溶着により形成した編織布4を
はさんで積層し、エンボス加工によりエンボス溶着部5
で結合一体化されている。このような積層不織布シート
1は、第2図(a)に示すように不織布2の間にヤーン
3からなる編織布4をはさんで積層し、(b)に示すよ
うにエンボス加工によりエンボス溶着部5で各層が溶着
して一体化することにより製造される。In the figure, 1 is a laminated nonwoven fabric sheet, in which yarns 3 are regularly arranged vertically and horizontally vertically and horizontally between two nonwoven fabrics 2 formed by randomly arranging long or short fibers of synthetic resin. The textile fabric 4 formed by spot welding is laminated by sandwiching it, and the embossed welded part 5 is formed by embossing.
are combined and integrated. Such a laminated nonwoven fabric sheet 1 is made by laminating a woven fabric 4 made of yarn 3 between nonwoven fabrics 2 as shown in FIG. It is manufactured by welding and integrating each layer in section 5.
試験例
4デニールのポリプロピレン短繊維をランダムに配列し
て形成された2枚の不織布(1枚の目付:30(/1)
間に、ポリプロピレンの延伸テープをスリットした20
0デニールのフラットヤーンをタテ、ヨコ上下に配置し
てスポット溶着した編織布(目付30g/m” )をは
さんで積層し、面積%で11%のエンボス加工率となる
ようにエンボス加工を行って結合一体化し、目付90g
/m2の実施例の積層不織布シートを得た。Test Example 4 Two sheets of nonwoven fabric formed by randomly arranging denier short polypropylene fibers (fabric weight of one sheet: 30 (/1)
In between, a stretched polypropylene tape was slit.
0 denier flat yarns are placed vertically and horizontally on top and bottom and spot-welded to create a laminated textile fabric (basis weight 30g/m"), and embossed to give an embossing rate of 11% in terms of area%. Combined and integrated, weight 90g
/m2 of the laminated nonwoven fabric sheet of Example was obtained.
一方、2枚の不織布を積層し、編織布を積層することな
く、同様にエンボス加工を行って、目付100g/m”
の比較例の積層不織布シートを得た。On the other hand, two sheets of non-woven fabric were laminated and embossed in the same way without laminating the knitted fabric, and the basis weight was 100 g/m.
A laminated nonwoven fabric sheet of Comparative Example was obtained.
このように製造されたそれぞれの積層不織布シートを5
cn+ X 20cmの短什型に切取って試料とし、
インストロン社製引張試験機により10cmのチャック
間にて、200mm/winの引張速度で、引張強度お
よび伸びを測定した。また同様の試料を中央部まで切目
を入れ、切目の両側を引張って引裂強度を測定した。結
果を表1に示す。Each laminated nonwoven fabric sheet produced in this way was
Cut it into a short piece of cn+ x 20cm and use it as a sample.
Tensile strength and elongation were measured using a tensile tester manufactured by Instron Corporation between 10 cm chucks at a tensile speed of 200 mm/win. In addition, a cut was made in a similar sample to the center, and both sides of the cut were pulled to measure the tear strength. The results are shown in Table 1.
表1
以上の結果より、実施例のものは引張強度、引裂強度と
もに大きく、伸びが少なく、タテ、ヨコの差が小さいこ
とがわかる。Table 1 From the above results, it can be seen that the samples of Examples have high tensile strength and tear strength, low elongation, and small vertical and horizontal differences.
以上のように1本発明の積層不織布シートでは、不織布
に編織布を配置してエンボス加工により結合したので、
柔軟性を有し、薄肉で高強度であり、安価に製造可能な
積層不織布シートが得られる。As described above, in the laminated nonwoven fabric sheet of the present invention, the knitted fabric is arranged on the nonwoven fabric and bonded by embossing.
A laminated nonwoven fabric sheet that is flexible, thin, high strength, and can be produced at low cost can be obtained.
第1図は実施例の積層不織布シートの一部を剥離した状
態の斜視図、第2図(a)および(b)はその製造工程
を示す断面図である。
各図中、同一符号は同一または相当部分を示し、工は積
層不織布シート、2は不織布、3はヤーン、4は1IA
I11布、5はエンボス溶着部である。FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the laminated nonwoven fabric sheet of the example with a part thereof peeled off, and FIGS. 2(a) and 2(b) are sectional views showing the manufacturing process thereof. In each figure, the same reference numerals indicate the same or equivalent parts, 2 is a laminated nonwoven fabric sheet, 2 is a nonwoven fabric, 3 is yarn, 4 is 1IA
I11 cloth, 5 is the embossed welded part.
Claims (1)
して形成された少なくとも2枚の不織布間に、編織布を
はさんで、エンボス加工により結合したことを特徴とす
る積層不織布シート。(1) A laminated nonwoven fabric sheet characterized in that a knitted fabric is sandwiched between at least two nonwoven fabrics formed by randomly arranging long or short fibers of synthetic resin and bonded by embossing.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP22372789A JP2751451B2 (en) | 1989-08-30 | 1989-08-30 | Laminated nonwoven sheet |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP22372789A JP2751451B2 (en) | 1989-08-30 | 1989-08-30 | Laminated nonwoven sheet |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JPH0386536A true JPH0386536A (en) | 1991-04-11 |
JP2751451B2 JP2751451B2 (en) | 1998-05-18 |
Family
ID=16802739
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP22372789A Expired - Fee Related JP2751451B2 (en) | 1989-08-30 | 1989-08-30 | Laminated nonwoven sheet |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
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JP (1) | JP2751451B2 (en) |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2007132370A (en) * | 2005-11-08 | 2007-05-31 | Mitsui Chemicals Inc | Plastic tube embedding method and protection sheet |
JP2016204928A (en) * | 2015-04-20 | 2016-12-08 | 前田工繊株式会社 | Soil outflow prevention sheet |
US10174447B2 (en) | 2009-02-06 | 2019-01-08 | Nike, Inc. | Thermoplastic non-woven textile elements |
US10625472B2 (en) | 2009-02-06 | 2020-04-21 | Nike, Inc. | Methods of joining textiles and other elements incorporating a thermoplastic polymer material |
CN114532624A (en) * | 2020-11-27 | 2022-05-27 | 爱恩优恩爱有限公司 | Functional bra |
-
1989
- 1989-08-30 JP JP22372789A patent/JP2751451B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2007132370A (en) * | 2005-11-08 | 2007-05-31 | Mitsui Chemicals Inc | Plastic tube embedding method and protection sheet |
US10174447B2 (en) | 2009-02-06 | 2019-01-08 | Nike, Inc. | Thermoplastic non-woven textile elements |
US10625472B2 (en) | 2009-02-06 | 2020-04-21 | Nike, Inc. | Methods of joining textiles and other elements incorporating a thermoplastic polymer material |
US10982363B2 (en) | 2009-02-06 | 2021-04-20 | Nike, Inc. | Thermoplastic non-woven textile elements |
JP2016204928A (en) * | 2015-04-20 | 2016-12-08 | 前田工繊株式会社 | Soil outflow prevention sheet |
CN114532624A (en) * | 2020-11-27 | 2022-05-27 | 爱恩优恩爱有限公司 | Functional bra |
CN114532624B (en) * | 2020-11-27 | 2024-03-22 | 爱恩优恩爱有限公司 | Functional bra |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2751451B2 (en) | 1998-05-18 |
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