US1805109A - Processing of coal - Google Patents

Description

VENT

sEPARAToR CYCLONE TYPE HYDRAULIC Filed March 12, 1925 GAS COLLECTlON AND PURIFYING SYSTEM w'. RUNGE ET AL- PRQCESSING OF COAL CARBON IZING 7 Sheets-Sheet l GAS HOLDER SCRUBBER Fl NAL COOLER PRIMARY COOLER COOLER RETORT N l/E IV TORS PULVERIZING M ILL May 12, 1931.

w. RUNGE ET AL PROCESSING OF COAL Filed March 12 1925 7 Sheets-Sheet 2 GAS COLLECT ON AND PURIFYING SYSTEM GAS COLLECTION AND PURIFYING SYSTEM 8 1 w m Q w\ (0 v b i w 83 N N c l/vl/flvrbRs A TTOR/VEV May 12, 1931. w, RUNGE TA 1,805,109

PROCES SING 0F COAL Filed March 1925 7 Sheets-Sheet s GAS COLLECTION AND J' PURI FYING SYSTEM GAS COLLECTION AND PURIF'YING SYSTEM I law-l a4 ATTORNEY 7 k May 12, 1931. w. RUNGE ET AL. 1,805,109

PROCESSING OF COAL Filed March 12, 1925 7 Sheets-Sheet 4 GA5 COLLECTION AND PURIFYING SYSTEM GAS COLLECTION AND PURIFYING SYSTEM HOT F'LUE A TTORNE Y May 12, 1931. w. RUNGE ETAL 1,805,109

' PROCESSING OF COAL Filed March 12 1925 7 sheets-sheet 5 GAS COLLECTION AND PUR'IFYING SYSTEM GAS COLLECTION AMI? 'PuRlF-YmG SYSTEM May 12, 1931. w. RUNGE ETAL PROCESSING OF COAL 1925 7 Sheets-Sheet 6 Filed March 12 .A TTORNEY May 12, 1931. w. RUNGE ETAL PROCESSING OF COAL Filed March 12, 1925 7 Sheets-Sheet 7 {WE/won; My M4. By 7 42%; M

ATTORNEY;

Patented May 1 93 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE WALTER RUNGE, OF EAST ORANGE, NEW JERSEY, AND EDWIN'A. PACKARD, OF ,YONKERS, NEW YORK, ASSIGNOBS, BY MESNE ASSIGNMENTS, TO INTERNATIONAL COAL CARBONIZATION COMPANY, A CORPORATION OF DELAWARE PROCESSING OF GOAL Application filed arena 12, 1925. Serial no. 14,998.

The invention relates to the treating or processing of coal.

It primarily relates to processes and apparatuses wherein the coal is pulverized or crushed into finely divided form in a pulverizing mill or pulverizer in the presence of a current of gaseous medium and heat, as hot or preheated air or some other hot or preheated gaseous medium as flue gas, and from which pulverizing mill or place of pulverization, the resulting mixture of hot gaseous medium and pulverized coal is conveyed through a suitable conduit or piping to a separator, as of the cyclone type, and within which the pulverized coal and hot aseous medium are separated from each 0t er.

The invention, according to a more specific aspect thereof, contemplates the introduction into the mixture while in transit from the pulverizer to'the separator of a hot gaseous medium,towit, preheated air or other hot or preheated gaseous medium, that is hotter than the mixture, and such introduction may be for completing the dr ing of the coal while the latter is in transit, or the further elevating of the temperature of the pulverized coal while in transit; or even for treating the coal as for the pur ose of destroying certain properties of or or the urpose of obtaining certain oxidizing e ects upon the coal particles.

According to certain aspects of the invention the heating of the pulverized coal in what may be referred to as the pulverizing system, to wit, in the system which includes the pulverizer and conduit leading tothe separator, is to bring the pulverized coal to a desired heat, state or condition prior to processing or prior to further processing.

According to a more specific aspect of the invention the coal is dried,- heated or preheated and treated or pretreated so as not only to dry the coal but also so as to destroy to a certain extent the agglutinating or further swelling properties and the hot coal thus preheated or pretreated is fed with a substantial part of the heat still therein to a retort, sometimes referred to herein as a carbonizing retort, where the coal may be either partially distilled or completely gasiemployed in performing the several aspects of the invention are brought into association or are arranged in cooperative relationship in a manner not heretofore known or realized.

The invention relates not only to the feature'or aspects above pointed out but also to others as will be apparent to one skilled in the art and particularly in view of the description embodied in or the disclosure of this application.

For a more specific embodiment and arrangement of the various aspects of the inyention reference is made to the accompanymg drawings forming a part of this specification in which .drawings Figures 1 to 9 inclusive each diagrammatically shows a plant for realizing the invention or at least certain aspects thereof.- It will also be clear from what hereinafter appears that in each of the plants in'Figures 1 to 9 there is shown what is designated as a carbonizing retort having at the lower end thereof a coke cooling chamber constructed so as to constitute a heat interchanging device. In each of said plants there are also indicated certain preheaters forprheating air or gas as the case may be.

Figures 10 and 11 are verticalsections showing the construction of the coke cooling chamber, Figure 10 being a vertical section taken as on the plane indicated by the line 10-1'0 looking in the directionof the arrows while Figure 11 is a vertical section taken as on the plane indicated by the line 11-11 looking in the direction of the arrows.

' Figures 12 to 14 are sections illustrating typical preheaters which can be utilized in said plants, Figure 12 being a vertical section taken as on the plane indicated by the line 12 12 looking in the direction of the arrows, Figure 13 a vertical section taken as on the plane indicated by the line 1313 looking in the direction of the arrows, and

ures.

General as to plants shown in Fig ewes 1 to 9 It will be noted that each of these plants comprises a pulverizing mill 1, sometimes hereinafter referred to as a pulverizer, pulverizing apparatus or place of pulverization-to which a hot' gaseous. medium, as hot or preheated air, is continuously fed by pi 2 serving as means for conductin the hot air, as from passageways, throu h t e coke cooling chamber 9 (see Figure 1 or from a preheater 3 (see Figure 2). A conduit or pipe 4 conducts the'mixture of air and pulverized coal from the pulverizing mill 1 to a sep-I arator 5 which may be of the cyclone type and which designates what may be referred to as the place for separating the coal and air or'other gaseous medium. The coal which is separated falls to the lower portion of the separator 5 into a receiving means or bin 6 and by suitable feeding means, as 7, is fed (preferably s rayed) into the upper portion of what is re erred to herein as the carbonizing retort 8 having at thebottom thereof the coke cooling chamber 9. This retort while referred to as being a carbonizing retort is to be broadly construed, since within the broader aspects of the invention it is possible not only to carbonize material within the retortthat is to distil it to the extent desiredbut it is also possible to carry out a complete gasification in this retort should v one desire to perform such operation. Re-

torts and processes for carrylng out either partial distillation or complete gasification, are shown and described in pending U. S. applications filed by one of the applicants herein, to wit, the Runge applications Serial Nos. 748,037; 748,038 and 748,039, each filed November 6, 1924.

It will also be observed that each of the plants of Figuresl to 9 comprehends a gas collecting and purifyin system or apparatus collectively desi ated y the reference'character 10 and w ich is illustrated diagrammatically'in Figure 1. In each of these figures the gas vof or produced by the carbonizing or gasifying operation is withdrawn or conducted from the carbonizing retort 8 to the gas collecting and purifying system 10 an oflF-take means or piping 11. There is b also provided a gas pipe 12 r conducting purifying apparatus 10 to a place where the same may be utilized in the process, to wit,

to the furnaces 13 of the preheaters 3 by means of branches or branch pipes l4.where it can be utilized for burning and thus supply heat for the preheaters; or in certain instances (s'ee Figure 1) by branch pipes 14a, a preheater 3 and pipe 14b back to the carbonizing retort 8 where it is utilized as a heat conveying medium or a heat producing medium. The air from the cyclone se arator 5 passes into an air pipe 15, having a ampercontrolled vent 16, which pipe 15 in most of the plants shown extends downwardly and has branches 17 leading to the furnaces 13 of the preheaters 3 whereby the contaminated air 'rom the separator is used, some in the preheater furnace or furnaces to support combustion with the purified gas of the process that is supplied thereto. The air pipe 15 in certain instances has a branch pipe 17 a for supplying some of this contaminated air to the carbonizing retort 8 for functioning in the performing of the carbonizing operation in the retort. It will also be noted that in respect to certain of the figures, particularly Figures 1, 4, 5, 7 and 8 preheated'air is, as by means of piping 18, conducted from a preheater and delivered into the mixture in transit from the pulverizing mill 1 to the separator 5 so as to add further heat to. the mixture while in transit. The temperature of this hot air, which is a hot gaseous medium, is suflicient to complete the desired effects upon the coal in transit, be it to complete the drying of the coal, to raise the temperature of the coal, or even to oxidize the coal particles to a desired extent, for example a slight oxidization, prior to the introduction of the hot coal thus treated into the carbonizing retort 8.

In Figure 6 it will be noted that a pipe 19 is arranged to convey hot products of coinbustion which have passed through the flue gas passageways (described later) of the preheater 3 and introduce said hot products of combustion or flue gas into the mixture of pulverized coal and hot air which is in transit on way to the separator 5;

In each of the figures shown there is embodied in conduit 4 a suitable exhauster or fan 20 for conveying and maintaining a flow of the mixed gaseous medium and pulverized fuel from the pulverizer 1 to the separator 5. There are also provided such inthan that-flowing through the pi e2, this bein de ndent upon the heat con trons desire wit in the mill. 7

Reference will be made to each of the plants of Figures 1 to 9 but before doin this reference will first be made to the co ecooling chamber or heat interchanging device 9 of Figures 10 and 11 and the typifymg preheater 3 of Figures 12 to 14.

As to the coke cooling chamber 9, such is arranged at the bottom of the carbonizing retort 8 so as to receive and hold the precipitated carbonized residues resulting from the while at the same time serving to indirectly for conducting air rom said system of pas-.

cool the coke in thecoke cooling chamber 9.

Pipes conducting air to this system of passageways are desig ated by 27 and the pipe sageways is desi nated by 28.

As to the pre eaters of Figures 12 to 14, it will be noted that a casing 29 supports therein preheating elements 30 arranged so as to provide a series of air or gas passageways 31 and a,series of flue as passe eways 32, all arranged so that the am or gas owing through passageways 31 can be indirectly heated from the due gas flowing throughpassageways 32. Each preheater 3 is provided with a furnace 13 constructed so as to re ceive throughbranch pipes 14 and 17 gas and air for supporting combustion in the furnaces, which combustion is relied upon to heat the air passing through the preheaters 3 by the ind1rect action from the flue gases, as above described. The furnaces may also be constructed so as to havean auxiliary air supply 33 through damper-controlled passageways 34. As previousl indicated, the air usually employed in t e furnace and which is supphed through the air branch pipe 17 is some of the air from the separator and the gas su plied through gas branch pipe 14 is the puri ed gas of the process.

Reference will now be made to the plants of each of the Figures 1 to 9.

' Plant 'of Figure 1 In this figure it will be noted the hot air entering the pulverizing mill 1 is heated by passing through the coke cooling chamber 9,

being tempered if desired by air from the outside, and the tengerature within the pul- I carbonizing operation therein.

cooling chamber 9 passes t 3 where it is further heated to the extent desired; i. e. to a temperature such that when the air is introduced into the mixture flowing from the mill 1 through conduit 4 to the separator 5 it will elevate the temperature of naces 13 for the preheaters 3 and it will alsopulverizing apparatus used. It will also be noted that some of the air which is reheated by flowing through passagiways o the coke ough a preheater be noted in this figure that one of said reheaters is employed for preheating com ustible gas supplied to the carbonizlng retort for the carrying out of the carbonizing operation therein. The path of this combustible gas is through gas branch pipe 14a, preheater 3 and pipe 145 to the carbonizing retort 8. The contaminated air leaving the separator 5 contains considerable moisture-it should contain all of the moisture of the coaland in its travel through the air pipe 15 some of this moisture becomes condensed. In order to remove this condensed moisture which carries with it some of the coal particles there is provided a sludge tank 35. it will also be manifest from an inspection of this figure that a valve-controlled branch pipe 15a exwhereby some of the contaminated air can be recirculated through the system. Further comments in respect to the plant of this figure are believed to be unnecessary in view of the remarks preceding.

Plant of Figm'e 2 In this figure it will be noted that. the preheated air supplied to the pulverizing mill 1 passes first through a blower 21, then preheater 3, thence to the pulverizing mill 1. lhe contaminated air passing'through pipe 15 is employed for supporting combustion in the reheater furnace l3 and in the instance oft is plant the purified combustible gas of the process is preheated by passing through one of the preheaters 3 and is conducted to the carboni zing retort 8 for carryin out the e only heat supplied to the coal being pulverized or in transit is that supplied to the pulveiizing mill 1 and consequently there is a certain limitation in the temperature at which the Plant of Figure 3 In the instance of this plant, air for the pulverizingmill 1 is. first assed through the coke cooling chamber 9 t ence through a preheater 3, and finally to the pulverizing mill. Inthis plant combustible gas to wit,

gas of the process which is chemically mert with respect to the coal which is heated by passing through a preheater '3 is employed for carrying out the carbonizing operation.

.Plant of Figure 4 Here, as in Figure 1;, the sensible heat of the coke is utilized for effecting a preheating of the air by passing some of the air used in the process through the passageways in the coke cooling chamber 9. According to the arrangement of this figure one of the preheaters 3 is made in two sections, one of which may be referred to as the lower or hotter preheater section and the other as the upper or cooler preheater section. The gaseous medium, to wit, air, passmg to the pulverizing mill 1 is preheated in this upper or cooler section while the air or other gaseous medium which is introduced nto the mixture flowing through the conduit 4 first receives heat by its passage through the passageways of the coke cooling chamber 9 and further heat in its transit through the lower or hotter section. This arrangement .can be utilized to preheat and pretreat the coal to any desired extent within thelimitations imposed by the particular heating medium employed. With air as previous- 1y indicated, the temperature in the pulverizing mill 1 should be a proximately 212 and the temperature 0 the mixture wlthln the conduit 4 may be raised to approximately 500 F. and upwards. According to the arrangement of this plant combustible gas is used for carrying out the carbonizing operation, which combustible gas is chemically inert with respect to the coal and has been preheated by passing through a preheater 3.

Plant of Figure 5 Here, air of the process is first reheated by passing through passageways 0 the coke cooling chamber 9 and part of the air thus (gaschemically inert with res p a a coal) has been preheated b assin it J through a preheater 3. y p g I Plant of ma ma According to this arrangement air is preheated in a preheater 3 and is'conducted di rectly to .the pulverizing mill 1. It willalso be noted that a stack of the preheater 3 is connected into the pulverizing system so that the flue gases resulting from combustion within the furnace 13or at least some of these flue gi ses -areconducted by stack'pipe 19 and de 'vered into the mixture while in transit through the conduit 4. The tempera. ture of these flue gases can be reliedupon to materially raise the temperature of the mixture, even above that where preheated air alone is employed, and in this we added heating or treating efiects upon t e coal within the conduit 4 can be realized while mosphere. In this arrangement the air for sup orting combustion within the furnace 13 is t at supplied by the blower 21 and some ofthe preheated air is also used for function ing in carrying out the carbonizing operation within the carbonizingretort.

7 Plant of Figwre 7' This arrangement is similar-inmany respects to the arrangement of the plant of Figure 4 with the exception that some of the contaminated air from the process is supplied for assisting in carrying out the carbonization operation within the retort 8. As in the plant of Figure 4, the air or gaseous medium supplied to the pulverizing mill 1 is preheated in an upper or cooler section of the preheater 3 while other air which is first preheated by assing through the passageways of the co e cooling chamber 9 and thence through the lower or hotter section of the preheater 3is conducted through pipe 18 and delivered into the mixture flowing through conduit 4, while the mixture containing pulverized coal is in transit from the pulverizing mill 1 to the separator 5.

v Plant of Figure 8 In the plant of this arrangement some of the contaminated air is employed for :tunctioning in supporting the carbonizing o ration carried out within the retort 8 w ile the air which is preheated and utilized in the.

pulverizing system is first heated by passing through passageways to the coke cooling chamber 9. Some of the air thus preheated ,is conducted directly to the pulverizing mill 1 and some passed through the preheater 3, thence through pipe 18 by which pipe 18 it is introduced into the mixture in transit from the pulverizing mill 1 through conduit 4 to the'separator 5. 7

Plant of FigumQ This arrangement has a sludge tank 35 functioning substantially according to the arrangement of Fi re 1 and in many respects the plant 0 Fl re 9 is similar to that of Figural with t e exception that in the plant of Figure 9 the air which is passed through the 'preheater 3 is conveyed dlrectly to the pulvenzing mill 1 instead of to the mixture flowing from the pulverizing mill to the separator 5 as in the plant of F1 ure 1.

The plants of Figures 1 to 9 s ow an arrangement that includes a retort within which the coal is carbonized, after it has been preheated or pretreated within the pulverizizing system. This pulverizing system in general, however, has a broad field of application. It may be employed for either pretreating or partial carbonization of coal used in other fields. For example, the coal can be treated in a manner to prepare it for burning in pulverized or finely divided form and such an arrangement is shown in the plant of Figure 15.

Plant of Figure 15 In this figure it will be noted that a pulverized fuel burning furnace 36 is employed for heating a boiler 37. There is associated with this furnace and boiler certain heat absorbing elements, as steam superheaters 38 and air preheaters 39, and it will be noted that the arrangement of these parts is such that the products of combustion passing from the furnace first traverse the, boiler tubes, thence pass the: superheaters 38, and finally pass through the air preheaters 39, all of which serve to cool to a substantial extent the products of combustion or due gases; It will be manifest that the due gases in the space behind the air preheaters 39 have less temperature or are cooler than the due gases passing through the space which is ahead of the superheaters 38, and advantage is taken of this difi'erence in temperature, as will presently appear.

The plant of this figure has a pulverizing mill 1 a separator 5, anda conduit 4 extending a substantial distance from the pulverizing mill to the separator, and it will be noted that some of the flue gases are tapped from the space behind the air preheaters and are conducted by means of pipe 21) to the pulverizing mill 1. This pipe 26 also has a damper-controlled portion 2w by which tempering air may be allowed to enter the pulverizing mill, together with the flue ases, if the temperature of said flue gases is too high for practical operation of the mill. The space ahead of the superheater elements 38 is also tapped and a ipe 18a with a blower 21a therein is emp oyed for conducting these hot products of combustion or hot flue gases-which are hotter than those conducted through the pipe 2b-to the conduit 4 for elevatmg' the temperature of the mixture w1th1n the conduit to any desired extent. As

previously indicated the ipe 2?) has a damper-controlled pipe 2a w ereby the gaseous medium entering the pulverizing mill can be brought down to proper working temperature within the pulverizing mill, to wit, to a temperature between approximately 200 F. and 500 F. and even u wardly, provided the pulverizing mill is of such construction as w1ll withstand high temperatures. The temperature within the conduit 4 can be carried high enough and can be maintained long enough to efiect a desired-degree of heatmg of this coal and a desired carbonizin of the coal while in transit. The coal residues resulting from this partial carbonizing can in the separator5 be separated from the treatm gaseous medium. The collected'residue ist en conveyed to andthrough a suitable hopper 6a and feeding means 7a to the burners 40 of the furnace 36 where it can be tained still therein, together with the preheated air which is conducted to the furnace by piping 41.

1 It will therefore be seen that in the instance of this arrangement the pulverizing apparatus isnot only a reheating apparatus but the pretreatmentt erein goes to the extent partially carbonized of carrying out a artial carbonizing o eration, by which s11 stantial portions 0 the volatile matter of the coal are distilled. In order to recover the volatile matters thus distilled from the coal the gas leaving the separator 5 should be collected and treated as is customary in gas collecting and purifying systems. Such collecting and punfying of as is well known, in fact a system therefor 1s indicated in Figure 1.

In orderthat heatmay be retained in the pulverizing system it will be obvious that the pulverizing mill 1, the conduit 4 and the associated partsparticularly the exhau'ster of fan 20 and the cyclone separator 5should be heat insulated. In fact all parts from which heat is radiated can well be insulated as is customary in a class of work where heat losses are to be avoided.

It will be noted that the generic aspects of this invention have broad fields of application and that the invention hereof may be embodied in various forms and modifications without departing from the, spirit and scope 7 priorto carbonization comprising feeding coal'to a mill wherein all of the coal fed thereto is pulverized, continuously introduc-.

': suspension in said gaseous medium fromthe mill. and introducing a gaseous medium hotter than the coal and gas leaving the mill,

but not sufliciently hot to cause ignition of the coal into the mixture while in transit on the way to a place where the coal is separated from the gaseous medium, and separating the coal thus treated from the gaseous medium.

2. In theprocess of'carbonizing powdered coal, the steps of pulverizing and drying coal prior "to carbonization comprising feeding coal to a mill wherein allof the coal fed thereto is pulverized, continuously introducing hot air into the mill and carrying out the pulverizing operationin the presence thereoif'but below the ignition temperature of the) coal, continuously conducting the pulverized coal in suspension in said air from the mill and further heating by introducing ahot gaseous medium into the mixture while in transit on the way to a place where the coal is se arated, the temperature of the air admitte to the mill and of the gaseous medium introduced in the conduit being insuflicient to cause ignition of the coal and separating the coal thus treated.

3. In the process of carbonizing powdered coal, the steps of pulverizing and drying coal prior to carbonization comprising feedingcoal to a. mill wherein all of the coal fed thereto is ulverized, continuously introducing hot air into the mill and carrying out-thepulverizing operation in the presence thereof, continuously conducting the pulverized coal in suspension in said air from the mill and further I heating by introducing hot air into the-mix- I p 'where the coal is separated, an

lturewhile in transit on the vva to a place separating the coal thus treated, the hot air introduced as provided for being below a temperature which is suflicient to cause ignition of the coal.

4. In the process of carbonizing powdered coal, the steps of pulverizing and drying coal prior 'to carbonization comprising feeding coal to a mill wherein all of the coal fed thereto is pulverized, continuously introducing a hot gaseous medium into the mill and carry- ;ing out the pulverizing operation, continuously conducting the pulverized coal in suspension 1n said gaseous medium from the mill and further heating by introducing a hot air into the mixture while in transit onthe way to a place where the coal is separated, and

' separating the coal thus treated, the temperature of the gaseous medium admitted at the mill and of the .air introduced into the conduit being insufiicient to cause ignition of the coal.

rename 5. ;In the process of carbonizing powdered coal, the steps of pulverizing and drying coal prior to carbonization, com rising feeding coal to a pulverizin mill w erein the coal is' ulverized, introducing hot air into the mi 1 soas'to create and maintain within the mill temperatures approximating 212 degrees F., conducting the-pulverized coal in suspension in said air from'the mill to a separator, raisin the temperature of the mixture by the a dition thereto of a gaseous medium hotter than 212 degrees F. while in transit to further heat the coal and separating the pulverized coal out of the hot aseous medium, the temperature of the mixture being kept below the ignition temperature of the coal.

6. In the process of carbonizing powdered coal,the steps of pulverizing and drying coal prior to carbonization, comprising pulverizing coal in the presence of air and heat, conducting the pulverized coal in suspension in said air under conditions to further heat the coal by the'addition of hotter air and in a ture of the coal, separating the coal and air,

carbonizing the coal while in finely divided form, cooling and washing the gases resulting from the carbonizing, burning a portion of said gases in the presence of air which has been separated from the coal, .to heat'another ortion of said gases and to heatthe said a ded air and using the heat so imparted to said other portion of the gases in the carbonization of the coal.

8. The method of drying and carbonizing pulverized coal comprising pulverizing coal in the presence of heated air but below the ignition temperature of the coal, conducting I t e pulverized coal in suspension in said hot air to a separator wherein the coal and air are separated, carbonizing the coal, burning a portion of the ases resulting from the carbonization in t e presence of air which has been separated from the coal, to heat another portlon of said gases, using the heat so imparted to said other'portion of the gases in the carbonization of the coal, and cooling the solid residues resulting from the carbon ization of the coal by imparting the heat thereof to the air in the resence of which the coal is to be ulverized 9. The metho of drying and carbonizing ulverized coal comprising pulverizin coal 1n the presence of heated air but below t e ig- V nition temperature of the coal, conducting the 1 carbonizing process by air,

coal in suspension said air to a separator, further heating the coal while in transit to the separator by adding hotter air also below the ignition temperature of the coal, separating the coal and air carbonizing the coal while in finely divided t orm, cooling and washing gases resulting from the carbonizing, burning a portion of said cooled washed gases to furnish heat for the carbonizing, absorbing heat from the solid residues of the using a portion of such air as the air in which the coal is pulverized, and further heatin another portion and using it as the air ad ed to the coal while in transit to the se arator.

in testimony whereo we have signed our names. I

' WALTER RUNGE.

EDWIN A. PACKARD.

pulverized hereunto

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