US3230505A - Reinforced ceramic cylindrical transducers - Google Patents

Reinforced ceramic cylindrical transducers Download PDF

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US3230505A
US3230505A US291218A US29121863A US3230505A US 3230505 A US3230505 A US 3230505A US 291218 A US291218 A US 291218A US 29121863 A US29121863 A US 29121863A US 3230505 A US3230505 A US 3230505A
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segments
transducer
electrostrictive
glass
boot
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David E Parker
Edwin J Parssinen
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B06—GENERATING OR TRANSMITTING MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS IN GENERAL
    • B06B—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR GENERATING OR TRANSMITTING MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS OF INFRASONIC, SONIC, OR ULTRASONIC FREQUENCY, e.g. FOR PERFORMING MECHANICAL WORK IN GENERAL
    • B06B1/00—Methods or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency
    • B06B1/02—Methods or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency making use of electrical energy
    • B06B1/06—Methods or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency making use of electrical energy operating with piezoelectric effect or with electrostriction
    • B06B1/0644—Methods or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency making use of electrical energy operating with piezoelectric effect or with electrostriction using a single piezoelectric element
    • B06B1/0655—Methods or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency making use of electrical energy operating with piezoelectric effect or with electrostriction using a single piezoelectric element of cylindrical shape

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  • This invention relates to improvements in electroacoustic transducers and more particularly to underwater electrostrictive ceramic transducers formed from a plurality of segments joined together in succession.
  • an electrostrictive ceramic transducer including hollow cylindrical transducers, of a plurality of segments joined together in succession.
  • Steel straps under tension surround the succession of transducer segments and electrical insulation is included between the straps and the electrical conductor portions of the segments.
  • the insulation between the straps and the transducer is under compression and is worked when the transducer is energized. If the insulation is penetrated by any of the steel bands, conductor portions may be shorted and the transduced rendered at least partly inoperative.
  • An underwater transducer requires a watertight boot. If the boot is assembled over the metal straps, the protuberances on the strap ends bear against the boot and tends to wear local areas of the boot. Also, since the strap ends introduce irregularities on the transducer geometry, the boot cannot be fitted tightly and intimately over the transducer. Therefore, the boot is comparatively loose fitting and a fluid of proper sonic characteristics, such as castor oil, must be introduced into the boot to occupy all the space between the boot and the transducer. If the straps are assembled over the boot, parts of the boot are under compression and are worked during operation of the transducer. The boot material may creep, reducing the strap tension, or may be cut by the straps exposing the transducer to the water.
  • An object of this invention is to provide a transducer of the type having a plurality of electrostrictive segments joined together in succession, held together under compression and free of the disadvantages discussed above.
  • FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an embodiment of this invention including a hollow cylindrical electrostrictive transducer having a plurality of segments in succession and a filamentary glass girdle,
  • FIG. 2 is a section view of an underwater transducer including the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, and
  • FIG. 3 illustrates this invention applied to a subassembly of the transducer shown in FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 1 a hollow right circular cylindrical electrostrictive transducer 10 substantially identical to the transducer shown in Patent No. 3,043,967, for operation in the circumferential mode, formed from a plurality of stave-like segments 11 bonded together in succession parallel to the axis of the cylinder.
  • the segments 11 include among them a plurality of substantially identical electrostrictive segments 12 and a plurality of substantially identical metal segments 13; three out of every four consecutive segments are the electrostrictive segments 12 while every fourth segment 13 is of a metal preferably having approximately the same rho-c characteristic as the electrostrictive segments. Brass is a satisfactory material for metal segments 13.
  • the electrostrictive segments 12 may be fabricated from any of the well-known electrostrictive ceramic materials, e.g. barium titanate, lead titanate-lead zirconate or others that are marketed commercially. Each segment 12 has electrode coatings on the two opposed radial surfaces which surfaces are normal to the thickness dimension and is polarized between its electrodes in the thickness dimension, which dimension corresponds to the circumferential mode when transducer 10 is assembled. Each segment 12 is marked immediately before or immediately after polarization to indicate the direction of polarization to the assembler mechanic to enable him to orient the segments properly. Consecutive electrostrictive segments 12 are oriented prior to bonding so that the direction of polarization in each pair of consecutive electrostrictive segments is opposite.
  • barium titanate e.g. barium titanate, lead titanate-lead zirconate or others that are marketed commercially.
  • Each segment 12 has electrode coatings on the two opposed radial surfaces which surfaces are normal to the thickness dimension and is polarized between its electrodes in the thickness
  • segment-to-segrnent bonding cement for the transducer is not critical; the cement should be rigid when cured or hardened to ensure good mechanical coupling between segments.
  • a preferable bonding cement is one that can be applied in a fairly thin layer free of air bubbles and that forms a rigid joint comparable in stiffness to the segments joined.
  • An epoxy resin cement that forms rigid bonded joints is satisfactory.
  • a work bench fixture may be used to support the segments while they are bonded to ensure that the last segment assembled in place closes the cylinder.
  • the electrical connections are completed in such manner that the relationship between polarization direction and instantaneous signal polarity is the same in all the electrostrictive segments 12 at every instant so that circumferential elongation and circumferential contractions occur in phase in all of the electrostrictive segments.
  • Metal segments 13 are not essential in the structural combination illustrated in FIG. 1. All of the segments 11 may be electrostrictive segments and some or all of the electrostrictive segments may be trapezoidal shaped.
  • the transducer 10 is reinforced and placed under compression in the circumferential direction by filamentary glass 16 in the form of glass serving, glass thread, glass braid, or other, helically coiled about the outer surface of the transducer.
  • the glass is applied in one or more layers. If several units of the glass are coiled onto the transducer side-by-side at the same time, the combination is applied under greater tension.
  • the starting end of the glass is fixed in place either with. cement or by coiling one or more turns over the starting end.
  • the glass is fixed in place with cement 17. Either the glass is coated with the cement just prior to being coiled about the transducer or the cement is painted over the glass after it is coiled onto the transducer.
  • the cement is not critical. Any of various commercial varieties of epoxy cements that cure preferably at room temperature are suitable for this purpose. Regardless of the glass or cement chosen, the transducer is reinforced. Tougher yet rigid cements and higher quality glass endow the transducer with higher power capacity.
  • the advantage of the impregnated glass girdle is that it is inexpensive, easy to apply, durable, thin, and nonconducting. It does not significantly alter the outside cylindrical geometry of the transducer and presents an approximately smooth uniform surface so that a waterproofing boot can be applied with ease.
  • any of a variety of coiling methods may be used to apply the glass girdle to the transducer.
  • the transducer may be mounted between clamping plates and rotated by a spindle driven by hand or by a power device.
  • the glass may be derived from a spring-loaded spool. As the glass coils onto the transducer it may be guided by a longitudinal feed screw or by a hand operated device so that it is applied helically. The cement is applied to the glass before the glass is coiled onto the transducer.
  • FIG. 2 there is shown a waterproofing arrangement for the electrostrictive transducer 10 .of FIG. 1. Only one-half the assembly is shown, the other half being substantially the same.
  • a metal tube 20, provided with spaced rings 21 affixed thereto along the length thereof and metal end plates 22 aifixed thereto, and substantially the same length as the transducer 10 is disposed within the transducer. Between the rings 21 and the transducer 10 there is disposed sections of vibration isolating material of unicellular rubber 31 or functional equivalent to support the transducer 10 on the rings 21.
  • the end plates 22 are formed with threaded holes to receive fastening bolts 23.
  • FIG. 3 there is shown a subassembly of the transducer shown in FIG. 1 wherein several of the segments 12 are bound by a few spaced turns of glass serving 30 under tension cemented in place to the segments.
  • the circumferential compressive stress in the segments may be increased to adjust the electroacoustic properties of the transducer segments.
  • This expedient facilitates design for particular operating characteristics.
  • a further advantage of this expedient is that it facilitates assembly.
  • At least one of the segments being electrostrictive for expansion and contraction in the direction between the adjacent segments
  • each of said electrostrictive segments includes polarized electrostrictive ceramic and (b) the direction of polarization extends between the segments on either side thereof, and

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Transducers For Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)

Description

Jan. 18, 1966 D. E. PARKER ETAL 3,230,505
REINFORCED CERAMIC CYLINDRICAL TRANSDUCERS Filed June 27, 1963 INVENTORS. 04140 24,975? fo/Wm J/hPJJ/A/E/v 6W AGENT w s m g/ATTORNEY V United States Patent 3,230,505 REINFORCED CERAMIC CYLINDRICAL TRANSDUCERS David E. Parker, Pawcatuck, and Edwin J. Parssinen,
Mystic, Conn., assignors to the United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Navy Filed June 27, 1963, Ser. No. 291,218 8 Claims. (Cl. 340-) (Granted under Title 35, US. Code (1952), sec. 266) The invention described herein may be manufactured and used by or for the Government of the United States of America for governmental purposes without the payment of any royalties thereon or therefor.
This invention relates to improvements in electroacoustic transducers and more particularly to underwater electrostrictive ceramic transducers formed from a plurality of segments joined together in succession.
In United States Patent 3,043,967, there is disclosed an electrostrictive ceramic transducer, including hollow cylindrical transducers, of a plurality of segments joined together in succession. Steel straps under tension surround the succession of transducer segments and electrical insulation is included between the straps and the electrical conductor portions of the segments. The insulation between the straps and the transducer is under compression and is worked when the transducer is energized. If the insulation is penetrated by any of the steel bands, conductor portions may be shorted and the transduced rendered at least partly inoperative.
An underwater transducer requires a watertight boot. If the boot is assembled over the metal straps, the protuberances on the strap ends bear against the boot and tends to wear local areas of the boot. Also, since the strap ends introduce irregularities on the transducer geometry, the boot cannot be fitted tightly and intimately over the transducer. Therefore, the boot is comparatively loose fitting and a fluid of proper sonic characteristics, such as castor oil, must be introduced into the boot to occupy all the space between the boot and the transducer. If the straps are assembled over the boot, parts of the boot are under compression and are worked during operation of the transducer. The boot material may creep, reducing the strap tension, or may be cut by the straps exposing the transducer to the water.
An object of this invention is to provide a transducer of the type having a plurality of electrostrictive segments joined together in succession, held together under compression and free of the disadvantages discussed above.
Other objects and advantages will appear from the following descr-iption of an example of the invention, and the novel features will be particularly pointed out in the appended claims.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an embodiment of this invention including a hollow cylindrical electrostrictive transducer having a plurality of segments in succession and a filamentary glass girdle,
FIG. 2 is a section view of an underwater transducer including the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, and
FIG. 3 illustrates this invention applied to a subassembly of the transducer shown in FIG. 1.
There is shown in FIG. 1 a hollow right circular cylindrical electrostrictive transducer 10 substantially identical to the transducer shown in Patent No. 3,043,967, for operation in the circumferential mode, formed from a plurality of stave-like segments 11 bonded together in succession parallel to the axis of the cylinder. The segments 11 include among them a plurality of substantially identical electrostrictive segments 12 and a plurality of substantially identical metal segments 13; three out of every four consecutive segments are the electrostrictive segments 12 while every fourth segment 13 is of a metal preferably having approximately the same rho-c characteristic as the electrostrictive segments. Brass is a satisfactory material for metal segments 13. The metal segments 13 provide conveniently located electrical terminals 14 for the connecting leads 15 and have a trapezoidal or keystone shape in cross-section, whereby when all the stave-like segments -11 are assembled in succession they form a cylinder. Metal segments 13 are less costly than electrostrictive segments 12 and lend themselves more readily to machine shop processes whereby the mounting of electrical terminals 14 thereon and the machining step to provide the keystone shape are relatively inexpensive and devoid of complications. The electrostrictive segments 12 are rectangular in cross-section rather than trapezoidal for two reasons, namely, to reduce cost and to obtain uniform polarization between the electrodes; while not essential, it is preferable to polarize across opposed parallel faces than to polarize across opposed keystone faces.
The electrostrictive segments 12 may be fabricated from any of the well-known electrostrictive ceramic materials, e.g. barium titanate, lead titanate-lead zirconate or others that are marketed commercially. Each segment 12 has electrode coatings on the two opposed radial surfaces which surfaces are normal to the thickness dimension and is polarized between its electrodes in the thickness dimension, which dimension corresponds to the circumferential mode when transducer 10 is assembled. Each segment 12 is marked immediately before or immediately after polarization to indicate the direction of polarization to the assembler mechanic to enable him to orient the segments properly. Consecutive electrostrictive segments 12 are oriented prior to bonding so that the direction of polarization in each pair of consecutive electrostrictive segments is opposite. The reason for this is to simplify the electrical connections since with this arrangement contiguous electrodes of successive segments 12 may be connected in common. Since the electrode coatings extend to the edges of the surfaces which they coat and may even overlap the adjacent surfaces slightly, one end of a conducting lead is readily connected to a pair of contiguous electrodes along the inner scan edge by soldering.
The particular segment-to-segrnent bonding cement for the transducer is not critical; the cement should be rigid when cured or hardened to ensure good mechanical coupling between segments. A preferable bonding cement is one that can be applied in a fairly thin layer free of air bubbles and that forms a rigid joint comparable in stiffness to the segments joined. An epoxy resin cement that forms rigid bonded joints is satisfactory. A work bench fixture may be used to support the segments while they are bonded to ensure that the last segment assembled in place closes the cylinder. The electrical connections are completed in such manner that the relationship between polarization direction and instantaneous signal polarity is the same in all the electrostrictive segments 12 at every instant so that circumferential elongation and circumferential contractions occur in phase in all of the electrostrictive segments.
Metal segments 13 are not essential in the structural combination illustrated in FIG. 1. All of the segments 11 may be electrostrictive segments and some or all of the electrostrictive segments may be trapezoidal shaped.
The transducer 10 is reinforced and placed under compression in the circumferential direction by filamentary glass 16 in the form of glass serving, glass thread, glass braid, or other, helically coiled about the outer surface of the transducer. The glass is applied in one or more layers. If several units of the glass are coiled onto the transducer side-by-side at the same time, the combination is applied under greater tension. The starting end of the glass is fixed in place either with. cement or by coiling one or more turns over the starting end. The glass is fixed in place with cement 17. Either the glass is coated with the cement just prior to being coiled about the transducer or the cement is painted over the glass after it is coiled onto the transducer. The cement is not critical. Any of various commercial varieties of epoxy cements that cure preferably at room temperature are suitable for this purpose. Regardless of the glass or cement chosen, the transducer is reinforced. Tougher yet rigid cements and higher quality glass endow the transducer with higher power capacity.
The advantage of the impregnated glass girdle is that it is inexpensive, easy to apply, durable, thin, and nonconducting. It does not significantly alter the outside cylindrical geometry of the transducer and presents an approximately smooth uniform surface so that a waterproofing boot can be applied with ease.
Any of a variety of coiling methods may be used to apply the glass girdle to the transducer. The transducer may be mounted between clamping plates and rotated by a spindle driven by hand or by a power device. The glass may be derived from a spring-loaded spool. As the glass coils onto the transducer it may be guided by a longitudinal feed screw or by a hand operated device so that it is applied helically. The cement is applied to the glass before the glass is coiled onto the transducer.
In FIG. 2, there is shown a waterproofing arrangement for the electrostrictive transducer 10 .of FIG. 1. Only one-half the assembly is shown, the other half being substantially the same. A metal tube 20, provided with spaced rings 21 affixed thereto along the length thereof and metal end plates 22 aifixed thereto, and substantially the same length as the transducer 10 is disposed within the transducer. Between the rings 21 and the transducer 10 there is disposed sections of vibration isolating material of unicellular rubber 31 or functional equivalent to support the transducer 10 on the rings 21. The end plates 22 are formed with threaded holes to receive fastening bolts 23. A gasket 24 is disposed against the outer face of each plate 22 and a sealing plate 25 is secured to the end plate 22 by the bolts 23 compressing the sealing gasket therebetween. The end plate 25 is provided with a fluid-tight passage 26 for a signal cable that connects with conductor ends 14A and 15A. A cylindrical rubber boot 28 radially undersized is stretched and assembled over the reinforced transducer, care being exercised not to trap air pockets between the boot and the transducer. There is no need for castor oil filling if the boot is tight and there are no trapped'air pockets between the outer surface of the transducer 10 and the boot. The complete assembly is rendered watertight by means of metal straps 29 at each end tightened sufiiciently to compress the ends of the rubber boot firmly against the peripheral edges of sealing plates 25.
In FIG. 3, there is shown a subassembly of the transducer shown in FIG. 1 wherein several of the segments 12 are bound by a few spaced turns of glass serving 30 under tension cemented in place to the segments. By
this expedient, the circumferential compressive stress in the segments may be increased to adjust the electroacoustic properties of the transducer segments. This expedient facilitates design for particular operating characteristics. A further advantage of this expedient is that it facilitates assembly.
It will be understood that various changes in the details, materials and arrangements of parts (and steps), which have been herein described and illustrated in order to explain the nature of the invention, may be made by those skilled in the art within the principle and scope of the invention as expressed in the appended claims.
We claim:
1. In an electroacoustic transducer of the type compris- (a) a succession of segments in butting relationship,
at least one of the segments being electrostrictive for expansion and contraction in the direction between the adjacent segments,
(b) the improvement which comprises a glass serving,
coiled about the succession of segments under tension and cemented in place.
2. An electroacoustic transducer as defined in claim 1,
wherein all of said segments are electrostrictive.
3. An electroacoustic transducer as defined in claim 1,
wherein (a) said succession of segments form a hollow cylindrical transducer and (b) said coiled glass serving engages and is cemented to the outside cylindrical surface of the transducer.
4. An electroacoustic transducer as defined in claim 3,
wherein (a) each of said electrostrictive segments includes polarized electrostrictive ceramic and (b) the direction of polarization extends between the segments on either side thereof, and
(c) wherein each of said electrostrictive segments also includes electrical means for applying electric field energy thereacross in the direction corresponding to the direction of polarization.
5. An electroacoustic transducer as defined in claim 4,
further comprising (a) a sound transparent Water-tight elastomeric boot enveloping the transducer,
(b) said electrical means extending through said boot in water-tight relationship therewith.
6. A hollow cyindrical electroacoustic transducer com prising:
(a) a plurality of electrostrictive stave-like cylinder segments in successive butting relationship, and
(b) a girdle of insulating material defining essentially a circular wall around the segments being a fraction of the thickness in the radial direction of the cylinder segments for continuously applying compressive force to the segments in the circumferential direction, said girdle of insulating material including filamentary glass under tension in the circumferential direction and (c) a sound transparent Water-tight elastomeric boot enveloping the transducer and firmly engaging the outer surface of the girdle of insulating material.
7. A hollow cylindrical electroacoustic transducer as defined in claim 6, wherein said transducer includes a plurality of subassembly groups of said segments each of which groups are secured with filamentary glass serving under tension cemented in place.
References Cited by the Examiner UNITED STATES PATENTS 7/1962 Clearwater. 7/1964 Harris 340-10 CHESTER L. JUSTUS, Primary Examiner.
G. M. FISHER, Assistant Examiner.

Claims (1)

1. IN AN ELECTROACOUSTIC TRANDUCER OF THE TYPE COMPRISING: (A) A SUCCESSION OF SEGMENTS IN BUTTING RELATIONSHIP, AT LEAST ONE OF THE SEGMENTS BEING ELECTOSTICTIVE FOR EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION IN THE DIRECTION BETWEEN THE ADJACENT SEGMENTS, (B) THE IMPROVEMENT WHICH COMPRISE A GLASS SERVING, COILED ABOUT THE SUCCESSION OF SEGMENTS UNDER TENSION AND CEMENTED IN PLACE.
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Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3510698A (en) * 1967-04-17 1970-05-05 Dynamics Corp America Electroacoustical transducer
US3706967A (en) * 1971-01-21 1972-12-19 Us Navy Underwater acoustic projector
US3992693A (en) * 1972-12-04 1976-11-16 The Bendix Corporation Underwater transducer and projector therefor
US4220887A (en) * 1978-11-30 1980-09-02 Kompanek Harry W Prestressed, split cylindrical electromechanical transducer
US4446544A (en) * 1981-11-30 1984-05-01 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Small diameter, low frequency multimode hydrophone
US4604542A (en) * 1984-07-25 1986-08-05 Gould Inc. Broadband radial vibrator transducer with multiple resonant frequencies
FR2581282A1 (en) * 1983-10-11 1986-10-31 Southwest Res Inst CYLINDRICAL ELECTROMAGNETIC TRANSDUCER WITH TRANSVERSE VIBRATIONS
US4823041A (en) * 1986-07-02 1989-04-18 Nec Corporation Non-directional ultrasonic transducer
US4941202A (en) * 1982-09-13 1990-07-10 Sanders Associates, Inc. Multiple segment flextensional transducer shell
US5047683A (en) * 1990-05-09 1991-09-10 Image Acoustics, Inc. Hybrid transducer
FR2728755A1 (en) * 1994-12-23 1996-06-28 Thomson Csf ACOUSTIC TRANSDUCER IN PRE-STRESSED RING
US5739625A (en) * 1994-05-09 1998-04-14 The Secretary Of State For Defence In Her Britannic Majesty's Government Of The United Kingdom Of Great Britain And Northern Island Segmented ring transducers
US6787972B2 (en) * 1999-10-27 2004-09-07 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Piezoelectric rotary pump
US11562093B2 (en) 2019-03-06 2023-01-24 Forcepoint Llc System for generating an electronic security policy for a file format type

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3043967A (en) * 1960-01-13 1962-07-10 Walter L Clearwaters Electrostrictive transducer
US3142035A (en) * 1960-02-04 1964-07-21 Harris Transducer Corp Ring-shaped transducer

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3043967A (en) * 1960-01-13 1962-07-10 Walter L Clearwaters Electrostrictive transducer
US3142035A (en) * 1960-02-04 1964-07-21 Harris Transducer Corp Ring-shaped transducer

Cited By (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3510698A (en) * 1967-04-17 1970-05-05 Dynamics Corp America Electroacoustical transducer
US3706967A (en) * 1971-01-21 1972-12-19 Us Navy Underwater acoustic projector
US3992693A (en) * 1972-12-04 1976-11-16 The Bendix Corporation Underwater transducer and projector therefor
US4220887A (en) * 1978-11-30 1980-09-02 Kompanek Harry W Prestressed, split cylindrical electromechanical transducer
US4446544A (en) * 1981-11-30 1984-05-01 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Small diameter, low frequency multimode hydrophone
US4941202A (en) * 1982-09-13 1990-07-10 Sanders Associates, Inc. Multiple segment flextensional transducer shell
FR2581282A1 (en) * 1983-10-11 1986-10-31 Southwest Res Inst CYLINDRICAL ELECTROMAGNETIC TRANSDUCER WITH TRANSVERSE VIBRATIONS
US4604542A (en) * 1984-07-25 1986-08-05 Gould Inc. Broadband radial vibrator transducer with multiple resonant frequencies
US4823041A (en) * 1986-07-02 1989-04-18 Nec Corporation Non-directional ultrasonic transducer
US5047683A (en) * 1990-05-09 1991-09-10 Image Acoustics, Inc. Hybrid transducer
US5739625A (en) * 1994-05-09 1998-04-14 The Secretary Of State For Defence In Her Britannic Majesty's Government Of The United Kingdom Of Great Britain And Northern Island Segmented ring transducers
FR2728755A1 (en) * 1994-12-23 1996-06-28 Thomson Csf ACOUSTIC TRANSDUCER IN PRE-STRESSED RING
WO1996020046A1 (en) * 1994-12-23 1996-07-04 Thomson-Csf Acoustic transducer shaped as a prestressed ring
US6065349A (en) * 1994-12-23 2000-05-23 Thomson-Csf Prestressed annular acoustic transducer
US6787972B2 (en) * 1999-10-27 2004-09-07 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Piezoelectric rotary pump
US11562093B2 (en) 2019-03-06 2023-01-24 Forcepoint Llc System for generating an electronic security policy for a file format type

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