US3635509A

US3635509A - Dome joint structures

Info

Publication number: US3635509A
Application number: US873254A
Authority: US
Inventors: George R Birkemeier; Hollis C Scott
Original assignee: Timber Structures Inc
Current assignee: Koppers Inc; Timber Structures Inc
Priority date: 1969-11-03
Filing date: 1969-11-03
Publication date: 1972-01-18
Anticipated expiration: 1989-01-18

Abstract

A dome structure 20 (FIGS. 1 to 5) includes beams connected together in triangles by joints 31 and 32 and connected to a tension ring by joints 34. In each joint 31, bolts pass through straps connected to the beams and pass through clearance notches in stiffener plates welded to a tube and pass through and bear laterally against the inner periphery of the tube. Each joint 34 is similarly connected to the beams, has a vertical plate 63 connected to a tension ring and a base plate splined for radial movement only relative to the supporting wall. Low friction facings on the base plate and a supporting plate on the wall permit easy radial sliding. A dome structure 120 (FIGS. 6 and 7) has a double tension ring assembly 131 and has joints 134 in which bolts connect the beam straps to stiffening plates and pass through and bear against close-fitting holes in the stiffening plates, which holes are spaced inwardly from the inside faces of tubes of the joints. In a dome structure 220 (FIGS. 8 and 10), a laminated tension ring is provided. In a dome structure 320 (FIGS. 11 and 12) a series of straps welded together in the same plane connect at least three beams to a joint, and shear plates also connect the beams to the joint.

Description

United States Patent Birkemeier et al.

[451 ,llan.1,172

[54] DOME JOINT STRUCTURES [73] Assignee: Timber Structures, Inc., Portland, Oreg.

[22] Filed: Nov. 3, I969 [21] Appl. No; 873,254

Related U.S. Application Data [62] Division of Ser. No. 729,952, May 17, I968.

[52] U.S. Cl. ..287/189.36C, 287/l89.36 F, 52/81, 52/665 [51] Int. Cl. ..F16b 7/04 [58] Field of Search ..287/189.36 C, 54 A, 54 C, 20.92 C, 287/l89.36 R, 189.36 I-I; 52/80, 81, 82, 665

Primary Examiner-David J. Williamowsky Assistant ExaminerWayne L. Shedd Attorney-Buckhom, Blore, Klarquist and Sparkman [5 7 ABSTRACT A dome structure 20 (FIGS. 1 to 5) includes beams connected together in triangles by

joints

31 and 32 and connected to a tension ring by joints 34. In each joint 31, bolts pass through straps connected to the beams and pass through clearance notches in stiffener plates welded to a tube and pass through and bear laterally against the inner periphery of the tube. Each joint 34 is similarly connected to the beams, has a vertical plate 63 connected to a tension ring and a base plate splined for radial movement only relative to the supporting wall. Low friction facings on the base plate and a supporting plate on the wall permit easy radial sliding. A dome structure 120 (FIGS. 6 and 7) has a double tension ring assembly 131 and has joints 134 in which bolts connect the beam straps to stiffening plates and pass through and bear against close-fitting holes in the stiffening plates, which holes are spaced inwardly from the inside faces of tubes of the joints. In a dome structure 220 (FIGS. 8 and 10), a laminated tension ring is provided. In a dome structure 320 (FIGS. 11 and 12) a series of straps welded together in the same plane connect at least three beams to a joint, and shear plates also connect the beams to the joint.

6 Claims, 13 Drawing Figures WENTED JAN 1 8 m2 SMEH 1 OF 5 mm UN W OE INVENTORS GEORGE R. BIRKEMEIER HOLLIS C, SCOTT MTEWEUJAMWW 3635509 INVENTOFS GEORGE R BIRKEMEIER HOLLIS C SCOTT BUCKHORN, BLORE, KLARQUIST 8- SPARKMAN ATTORNEYS WWW may 1w 3" 5 0 SHEET .3 or 5 INVENTORS GEORGE R BIRKEMEIER BY HOLLJS C SCOTT BUCKHORM'BLORE, KLARQUJST & SPARKMAN ATTORNEYS WWWW MM! q E 3 6 3 5 o 5 0 g SHEET 5 UF 5 FIG 9 1 FIG. 8

INVENTORS GEORGE R BIRVEMEIEP HOLLIS C SCOTT BUCKHORN, BLORE, KLARQUIST & SPARKMAN ATTORNEYS DOME JOINT STRUCTURES This application is a division of application, Ser. No. 729,952, filed May 17, 1968, entitled DOME STRUCTURES.

DESCRIPTION This invention relates to improved dome structures, and more particularly to improved truss structures of domes.

An object of the invention is to provide new and improved dome structures.

Another object of the invention is to provide new and improved truss structures of domes.

A further object of the invention is to provide a joint connecting ends of beams together and including bolts passing through straps connected to the beams and bearing laterally against the inner periphery of a tube against the exterior of which the ends of the beam abut and bear.

Another object of the invention is to provide a joint connecting beams together and having a stiffening disc secured to a tube and provided with enlarged peripheral notches for clearance for connecting bolts.

Another object of the invention is to provide a joint connecting beams together in which a shear disc abutting one end of a tube extends beyond the exterior periphery of the tube and overlaps the ends of the beams.

Another object of the invention is to provide a joint connecting beams together in which shear discs abutting both ends of the tube extend beyond the exterior periphery of the tube and overlap the ends of the beams.

A further object of the invention is to provide a joint in which a strap extends over an end of a tube and connects two beams together.

Another object of the invention is to provide a joint in which a welded strap assembly extends over an end of the tube and connects three or more beams together.

Another object of the invention is to provide a joint having a tube against which beams abut and into which are secured stiffening plates having holes spaced inwardly from the inner periphery of the tube and closely receiving bolts connecting straps secured to the beams.

Another object of the invention is to provide dome structures having new and improved tension rings and tension ring joints.

Another object of the invention is to provide a dome structure in which a tension ring joint connecting beams and a tension ring is splined to a supporting wall for radial movement only and to prevent circumferential movement.

Another object of the invention is to provide a tension ring joint splined to a supporting wall and resting on a low friction support to permit radial movement only of the joint and to prevent circumferential movement of the joint.

Another object of the invention is to provide a dome structure having a multiple tension ring assembly.

The invention provides improved dome structures in which beams are connected together by beam joints and to a tension ring structure by tension ring joints. The tension ring joints are connected to a wall for radial movement only by low friction supports. In a dome structure forming a specific embodiment of the invention, a beam joint includes a tube against which bear beam ends and stifiening discs welded to the tube and having crescent-shaped clearance notches through which extend bolts connected to straps fixed to the beams, the bolts bearing against the inner periphery of the tube. A tension ring joint of the dome structure may include a baseplate having a bottom facing of polytetrafluoroethylene and abutting a facing of the same material on a support plate secured tothe top of a wall, splining means being provided to spline the baseplate to the wall to permit radial movement and to prevent circumferential movement. In a beam joint forming one specific embodiment of the invention stiffening discs welded to a tube have aligned holes spaced inwardly from the inner periphery of the tube and closely receiving bolts connected to straps bolted to beams. In a beam joint forming another specific embodiment of the invention, ends of the beam abut a tube and one or more shear discs are secured on the ends of the tube and overlap the ends of the beam.

In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a fragmentary, partially schematic, top plan view of a dome structure forming one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 1A is an enlarged, vertical, sectional view taken along line lA-lA of FIG. 1;

FIG. 2 is an enlarged, fragmentary, vertical, sectional view taken along line 2-2 of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is an enlarged, fragmentary, horizontal, sectional view taken along line 3-3 of FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 is an enlarged, fragmentary, top plan view of a joint structure of the dome structure of FIG. ll;

FIG. 5 is an enlarged, fragmentary, vertical, sectional view taken along line 5-5 of FIG. 4;

FIG. 6 is a fragmentary, vertical, sectional view of a dome structure forming an alternate embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 7 is a top plan view taken along line 7 -7 of FIG. 6;

FIG. 8 is a fragmentary, vertical, sectional view of a dome structure forming an alternate embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 9 is a fragmentary, top plan view taken along line 9-9 of FIG. 8;

FIG. 10 is a fragmentary, partially sectional, side elevation view taken along line l0 10 of FIG. 8;

FIG. 11 is a fragmentary, top plan view of a dome structure forming an alternate embodiment of the invention; and

FIG. 12 is an enlarged, vertical, sectional view taken along line 12-12 ofFIG. ll 1.

EMBODIMENT OF FIGS. 1 To 5 Referring now in detail to the drawings, a dome structure 20 forming one embodiment of the invention and shown in FIGS. 1 to 5 includes a rigid, spherical, dome truss 22 of which a 60 segment is shown in FIG. 1, it being understood that there are six of such segments forming a spherical dome. The truss includes arcuate or

straight beam members

23, 24 and'25 of laminated wood connected into triangles by

joints

31, 32 and 34 and forming the rigid, dome truss with arcuate or

straight perlins

35 and 36 and a tension ring 37, which is continuous for 360 and extends chordally between the joints 34. The joint 31 is the center joint and is substantially identical in structure to but larger than the joints 3 2, which connect most of the

members

23, 24 and 25 together to form rigid triangles. The joint 31 also may be made as an open tube or open compression ring to permit passage of pipes, tubes, conveyors, or vents, and to form a means of access from the outer to the inner portion of the dome structure. Planltor panelized-type decking 39 or other roof covering membrane is secured to the upper edges of the beams and the perlins.

The joints 34 are tension ring joints and connect the

members

23, 24 and 25 to the tension ring; 37. Each tension ring joint 34 includes a generally semicylindrical tube 51 (FIGS. 2 and 3) to which

stiffener plates

52 and 53 having crescentshaped holes 54 are welded. Bolts 55 pass through close-fitting holes in straps 56 and loosely through the holes 54 and lie against theinner periphery of the tube 51 to secure the straps to the tube and transmit tension from the straps 56 to the tube. Nuts 57 on the bolts 55 lockthe bolts to the straps and to the tube. Each pair of the straps is bolted to the end portion of one of the

beams

23, 24 or 25 and ends 59 of the beams are cylindrically concave and fit against and around the tube 51. The tube may have, in addition to the top and bottom stiffener plates, intermediate stiffener plates in the tube and having crescent-shaped clearance holes aligned with the holes 54 in the

outer plates

52 and 53.

The tube 51 (FIGS. 2 and 3) is welded to a plate 61, which is welded to gussets 62 which are welded'to a vertical wall 63 integral with the upper stiffener plate and to a baseplate 64 to which the wall 63 is welded. Bolts 65 and nuts 66 secure the wall 63 rigidly to the tension ring 37. The baseplate 64 is of steel and has bonded to the bottom face thereof a layer 711 of very low friction material, such as, for example,

polytetrafluoroethylene. The layer 71 rests on a layer 72 also of the same very low friction material and bonded to the upper face of a steel supporting plate 73 anchored to a wall or column 74 of the building by vertical studs 75 passing through holes therein and through radial slots 76 in the baseplate. Nuts 89 loosely screwed onto the upper ends of the studs hold the baseplate on the supporting plate against vertical movement. The studs and the slotskey or spline the baseplate to the supporting plate to permit the baseplate to move radially relative to the dome but prevent movement transverse to such radial movement. This permits the tension ring to be expanded and contracted without throwing radial horizontal load on the wall or column 74 of the building but permits horizontal forces on the dome structure to be resisted in the circumferential direction and transmitted to the supporting wall by the studs 75 bearing against the radial slots 76 in the baseplate. The decking 39 (FIG. 1A) is secured to the beams to form the cover of the dome structure, and includes tongue and groove planks 77 and 78 laid on the beams and perlins starting with a key 79 which extends radially along a centerline 80 of one of the 60 sectors.

Each of the joints 31 and 32 (FIG. 1) connects the end portions of six of the

beams

23, 24 and 25, and, since the

joints

31 and 32 all are substantially identical in construction, only one of the joints 32 (FIGS. 1, 4 and will be described in detail. The joint 32 includes a cylindrical tube 81 of steel having welded to the inner face or ends thereof top and

bottom stiffener plates

82 and 83 having crescent-shaped clearance holes 84 positioned about the peripheries thereof.

Straps

85 and 86 are bolted by bolts 87 and nuts 88 to the tops and bottoms of the end portions of the

beams

23, 24 and 25, whose cylindrical end faces 59 abut the tube 81. Bolts 92 passing through holes 93 in the straps extend loosely through the crescent-shaped holes 84 in the stiffening plates and bear laterally against the inner periphery of the tube 81 to connect the beams to the tube .for tension. Nuts 94 on the bolts 92 hold the straps on the bolts and retain the bolts in place. Central holes 95 in the stiffening plates are provided for attachment of a bracket, an eyebolt, or the like to assist in moving segments of the dome structure during assembly thereof into the dome structure and/or to support equipment or components of construction inside the dome. The crescent-shaped clearance holes 84 provide large clearances to permit the connector consisting of the tube 81 and the

stiffening plates

82 and 83 to be used for any of the joints 32, into which the

beams

23, 24 and 25 may come over a wide range of angles. The

stiffening plates

82 and 83 have tube-abutting portions or legs 98 positioned between the crescent-shaped clearance holes 84, and welded to the inner surface or ends of the tube. If desired, in addition to the

plates

82 and 83, additional larger diameter plates can be provided either at one end or both ends of the tube with tabs extending radially outward from the tube for bearing against the top or bottom edge or edges of the

beams

23, 24 and 25 to resist and transfer high shear forces between the tube 81 and beams 23, 24 and 25. These additional larger diameter plates may be attached to the tube by bolting or welding or a combination thereof. The tabs from these additional plates may bolt directly to the beams in a similar manner to and replacing

straps

85 and 86.

EMBODIMENT OF FIGS. 6 AND 7 A spherical dome structure 120 forming an alternate embodiment of the invention is generally similar to the dome structure and includes a double tension ring assembly 137 including outer ring 135 and inner ring 138 secured to spacer plates 13,9 of wood or steel by bolts 147 and nuts 148 located on the tension ring between joints 134 which may be used to attach an eave perlin. Two other bolts 147 with nuts 148 located at each joint 134 are used to attach the tension ring joints 134 to the tension ring assembly 137 and pass through steel spacer plate 139. Each joint 134 is generally similar to the joints 34, and includes a semicylindrical tube 151 having welded thereto stiffening plates 152 and'l53, a plate 161 and gussets'l62. A vertical wall 163 integral with plate 152 is welded to baseplate 164 having a layer 1710f very low friction material like the layer 71. The layer 171 rests on a similar layer- 172 bonded to supportplate 173 on wall column 174 of the building. Bolts 175 passing through radial slots 176 .and hand-tightened nuts 181 secure the dome and tensing ring assembly to the wall column 174 of the building for radial movement only.

The stiffening

plates

152 and 153 have aligned cylindrical holes 158 spaced radially inwardly from the tube 151 and closely receiving bolts 159, which, with nuts 160, connect

straps

161 and 162 to the plates to transmit tension in beams 123 and 124, to which the straps are secured, to the stiffening plates. Bolts 164 and nuts connect the straps to the beams. The joints (not shown) corresponding to the joints 3] and 32 also may have cylindrical holes in the stiffening plates spaced radially inwardly from the inner peripheries of the tubes and receiving connecting bolts in close-fitting engagement to transmit tension from beams to the stiffening plates. This construction may be conveniently used where all the beams form angles of the same magnitude in a beam pattern in which all these angles are the same.

EMBODIMENT OF FIGS. 8, 9 AND 10 A dome structure 220 forming an alternate embodiment of the invention is substantially identical to the dome structure 20 except for a tension ring assembly 237 and tension ring joints 234 which connect

beams

223 and 225 of laminated wood to a wall 274. The tension ring assembly 231 is of a built up or laminated, horizontal type including elongated, chordal, steel plates 238 arranged in spaced vertical stacks with end portions thereof overlapping and bolted by bolts 235 to steel splicing plates 239, the plate 239 being a top plate, the plates 240 being interleaving plates and the plate 241 being a lyattom plate and having a pair of parallel guides 242 (FIG. 10) forming a guideway extending radially of the dome. The guides closely bracket a support plate 243 secured by anchor bolts 249 to a wall 274 and supported in a position slightly elevated from the top of the wall by grouting 265. Layers 263 of the above-described very low friction material cover and are bonded to the entire top surface of the plate 243 and the adjacent facing portion of the plate 241. Baseplate 244 of the joint 234 is secured by studs 245, washers 273 and nuts 246 (FIG. 9) to the

plates

237, 239, 240 and 241, the studs 245 extending through radial slots 247 in the

plates

237, and 239 to 241 and 244 and being anchored in the wall and extending through close-fitting holes in the plate 243. As an alternate method to provide more flexibility and tolerance in the positioning of anchor studs 245, holes 287 in plate 243 may be oversize loose fitting for studs 245. Anchor bolts 249 with projecting threaded ends are fitted with mating, threaded leveling plates or nuts 275 (FIG. 10). These leveling plates may be adjusted to the desired elevation position by turning on their threads. Bearing plate 243 with anchor studs 245 welded thereto is positioned on leveling plates 275 and shifted to the desired horizontal plan location. When in the desired position, bearing plate 243 is welded to leveling plates 275 at the inner edges of oversize holes 287 in plate 243, at each leveling plate, at least three studs 249, three holes 287, and three leveling plates 275 being provided. Grout 265 is then forced under bearing

plates

243 and 275 to transfer the vertical load on hearing plate 243 into the supporting wall. The plate 244 and a vertical plate 261 are welded to webs or gussets 262 to which are welded a plate 255. The edges of a semicylindrical tube 251 are welded to the plate 255.

Stiffener plates

252 and 253 having crescent-shaped clearance holes or notches 254 are welded to the end portion of the tube and to the plate 255. Bolts 267 and nuts 268

connect straps

277 and 278 to the tube 251 for tension on the

beams

223 and 225, to the tops and bottoms of which the straps are bolted. The ends of the beams are cylindrically grooved and fit closely on the tube 251. The bolts 267 bear radially against the inner periphery of the tube and, with the nuts 263, press the end portions of the straps against the ends of the tube 251. The bolts 267 extend loosely through the clearance holes 253.

EMBODUVIENT OF FIGS. 11 AND 12 A dome structure 320 forming an alternate embodiment of the invention is like the dome structure except for joints 332 corresponding to the joints 32 and connecting the end portions of

beams

323, 324 and 323 together. The joint 332 includes a tube 331 of steel against which cylindrically concave ends 339 of the beams tit and abut. interior stiffener plates 335 and 336 have aligned crescent'shaped clearance openings or notches 3301 for bolts 392 and are welded to the inside wall of the tube 331 with stiffener plates 332 and 333 welded to the ends of the tube.

The bolts 392 bear laterally against the inner periphery of the tube 331 to transmit forces of tension from the beams to the tube. The bolts 392 also pass through close-fitting holes in

straps

377 and 373 secured by bolts 365 to the end portions of the beams 323, whose end portions have side tapered portions 369, as do the beams 32 1 and 325, to permit all the beams to fit against the tube, the tapered portions 369 of adjacent beams adjoining each other with clearance. The bolts 392 extend through oversize or arcuately slotted clearance holes 371 in

shear discs

373 and 375 which abut either the top or bottom or both ends, respectively, of the tube end plates 382 and 333 and extend beyond the periphery of the tube into dapped portions 363 and 379 in the tops and bottoms of all the beams to connect the beams to the tube for shear. The shear discs are not integral with the tube. A single strap 361 may extend across the ends of the tube and connect to the beams 325 by bolts 367. The strap 361 connects the two beams 325 together and to the tube. Similarly, additional straps 353 may be welded to strap 361 and in the same plane as strap 361 forming a welded assembly to connect the two additional beams 324 together and to the tube. Similarly, additional'straps may be added to the welded assembly to connect the beams 323 together and to the tube. Bolts 349 connect the straps 353 to the beams.

The above-described

joints

31, 32 and 3d and the corresponding joints of the dome structures 120, 2211 and 3211 including the

joints

134i, 234 and 332 simply and strongly connect the beams together and to the tension ring structures for compression, shear and tension. The

joints

31, 32 and 3 1, 233 and 332 have the crescen'bshaped clearance holes and so are able to connect beams over a wide range of varying angles between the beams while high stiffening capacity of the stiffening plates is retained. The tension ring joints 341, 133 and 23d connect the beams rigidly to the tension ring 37 and the very high strength

tension ring assemblies

137 and 237 and connect these structures to the wall or column structures for free radial movement to accommodate expansion and contraction of the tension ring structures while holding the tension ring structures and domes against both vertical and horizontal movement transversely to the radii of the dome.

What is claimed is:

1. in a joint connecting beams together,

a tube,

stiffening disc means secured rigidly to the tube in positions transverse to the longitudinal axis of the tube and having clearance holes therein,

the stiffening disc means serving to support the tube against transverse collapse,

a plurality of beams,

a plurality of pairs of straps connected to the top and bottoms of the beams and extending over the ends of the tube,

and bolt means extending through the straps, the tube and the stiffening disc means.

2. The joint of claim 1 wherein the clearance holes in the stiffening disc means are peripheral notches and the bolt means bear laterally against the inner wall of the tube.

3. The oint of claim 1 wherein the clearance holes are bores fitting closely on the bolt means and are spaced inwardly from the inner wall of the tube.

1. The joint of claim 1 wherein at least one of the straps extends across an end of the tube and is secured to two beams at opposite sidesof the tube.

5. The joint of claim 1 wherein a plurality of the straps extend across an end of the tube and are secured to pairs of beams at opposite sides of the tube.

6. The joint of claim 1 including a shear disc centered on the tube and extending outwardly beyond the outer periphery of the tube.

Claims

1. In a joint connecting beams together, a tube, stiffening disc means secured rigidly to the tube in positions transverse to the longitudinal axis of the tube and having clearance holes therein, the stiffening disc means serving to support the tube against transverse collapse, a plurality of beams, a plurality of pairs of straps connected to the top and bottoms of the beams and extending over the ends of the tube, and bolt means extending through the straps, the tube and the stiffening disc means.

3. The joint of claim 1 wherein the clearance holes are bores fitting closely on the bolt means and are spaced inwardly from the inner wall of the tube.

4. The joint of claim 1 wherein at least one of the straps extends across an end of the tube and is secured to two beams at opposite sides of the tube.