US3791818A - Steel alloy - Google Patents
Steel alloy Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3791818A US3791818A US00280282A US3791818DA US3791818A US 3791818 A US3791818 A US 3791818A US 00280282 A US00280282 A US 00280282A US 3791818D A US3791818D A US 3791818DA US 3791818 A US3791818 A US 3791818A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- boron
- fragmentation
- alloy
- low alloy
- steel
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 229910000851 Alloy steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title abstract description 14
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 13
- 239000012634 fragment Substances 0.000 abstract description 13
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 abstract description 13
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 abstract description 12
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 abstract description 7
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 abstract description 7
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000013467 fragmentation Methods 0.000 description 13
- 238000006062 fragmentation reaction Methods 0.000 description 13
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZDVYABSQRRRIOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N boron;iron Chemical class [Fe]#B ZDVYABSQRRRIOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910019582 Cr V Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005474 detonation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000873 masking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/24—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with vanadium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/002—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing In, Mg, or other elements not provided for in one single group C22C38/001 - C22C38/60
Definitions
- ABSTRACT A low alloy steel which utilizes boron as an essential alloying ingredient. The boron controls and manipulates the fragment mass distribution characteristics of alloy steels used in fabricating explosive warheads.
- This invention relates to an alloy steel containing boron as an alloying ingredient.
- the boron is used to control the fragmentation characteristics of low alloy steels having a pearlitic matrix.
- the fragment mass distribution characteristics of steel alloys used in fabricating explosive warheads constitutes a problem of considerable importance for those concerned with evaluating the fragmentation effects achieved when such warheads are detonated against both light and heavy targets.
- Different types of targets require different fragment distribution patterns and the distribution pattern depends, to a great extent, on the compositional characteristics of the fragment material as well as the processing controls utilized during its formation.
- the boron containing steel alloys of this invention find special usefulness as structural materials in the manufacture of explosive warheads for use against both light and heavy targets.
- Antipersonnel grenades, aerial bombs, light and heavy artillary shells, as well as other explosive warheads, can be fabricated from the steel alloys of this invention.
- the addition of boron provides the means for achieving control over the fragment mass distribution patterns emanating from exploding warheads fabricated from the steel alloys of this invention.
- the primary object of this invention is to provide a steel alloy that possesses desirable fragmentation characteristics for use as a structural material in exploding warheads.
- Another object of this invention is to provide a low alloy steel whose fragmentation characteristics are controlled by the addition of boron as an alloying ingredient.
- Still another object of this invention is to provide a structural material that possesses the type of fragment mass dis-tribution characteristics that make it especially useful in the manufacture of antipersonnel and antivehicle weapons for use against both light and heavy targets.
- FIGS. 1 and 2 are graphical representations showing the effects of boron content on the fragment mass distribution characteristics of the low alloy steels of this invention.
- the fragmentation materials of this invention are low alloy steels of medium carbon content and are characterized by having a fern'tic-pearlitic matrix.
- boron as an essential alloying ingredient, provides the control needed to produce the desirable fragment mass distribution characteristics required by ex-- Table I Composition, weight percent Example Structure C Mn Cr V Be Fe 1 Forged 0.49 1.38 1.18 0.22 0.003 bal. 1.37 1.21 0.19 0.002 bal. 1.37 1.20 0.17 0.006 bal. 1.36 0. l7 0.002 bal.
- the boron additions to the steel alloys of this invention produce a network of brittle iron-boron compounds in the ferritic-pearlitic matrix and influence the fragmentation characteristics of the alloy.
- the influence of boron additions on the fragmentation characteristics of both forged and cast steels were evaluated by adding two levels of boron to the medium carbon low alloy steels illustrated in Table I.
- the present invention involves a technique that provides a simple and efficient means for producing military warheads having a high degree of fragmentation.
- a ferriticto 0.53 percent carbon having a ferriticto 0.53 percent carbon; about 1.36 to 1.38 percent manganese; about 1.18 to 1.21 percent chromium; about 0.17 to 0.22 percent vanadium; and the balance essentially all iron.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Physical Vapour Deposition (AREA)
Abstract
A low alloy steel which utilizes boron as an essential alloying ingredient. The boron controls and manipulates the fragment mass distribution characteristics of alloy steels used in fabricating explosive warheads.
Description
States Watmough et a1.
atent 1 Feb. 12, 1974 1 1 STEEL ALLOY [75] Inventors: Thomas Watmough, Dolton; Robert P. OShea, Lombard, both of 111.
[73] Assignee: The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Air Force, Washington, DC.
22 Filed: Aug. 14, 1972 21 Appl No.: 280,282
[52] US. Cl 75/126 E, 75/126 P, 102/67 [51] Int. Cl. C22c 39/26, F42b 13/48 [58] Field of Search 75/126 P, 126 D, 126 E,
75/123 R, 123 N, 123 B, 123 J UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,737,455 3/1956 Kirkby 75/126 P Primary ExaminerCarl D. Quarforth Assistant Examiner-R. E. Schafer [57] ABSTRACT A low alloy steel which utilizes boron as an essential alloying ingredient. The boron controls and manipulates the fragment mass distribution characteristics of alloy steels used in fabricating explosive warheads.
3 Claims, 2 Drawing Figures STEEL ALLOY BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to an alloy steel containing boron as an alloying ingredient. The boron is used to control the fragmentation characteristics of low alloy steels having a pearlitic matrix.
The fragment mass distribution characteristics of steel alloys used in fabricating explosive warheads constitutes a problem of considerable importance for those concerned with evaluating the fragmentation effects achieved when such warheads are detonated against both light and heavy targets. Different types of targets require different fragment distribution patterns and the distribution pattern depends, to a great extent, on the compositional characteristics of the fragment material as well as the processing controls utilized during its formation.
In attempting to control the fragment mass distribution characteristics of low alloy steels, it was found that the incorporation of boron, as an essential alloying ingredient, provided an alloy steel with improved fragmentation characteristics. The utilization of boron in the compositional content of the low alloy steels of this invention provides very desirable fragment mass distribution characteristics upon detonation of a warhead fabricated from such an alloy.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In accordance with the broad concept of this invention, it has been discovered that the incorporation of boron, as an alloying ingredient, in low alloy steels having a ferritic-pearlitic matrix influences their fragment mass distribution characteristics in an unexpectedly favorable manner. The boron addition produces a network of brittle iron-boron compounds in the ferriticpearlitic matrix and provides the desirable fragmentation characteristics exhibited by the low alloy steels of this invention.
The boron containing steel alloys of this invention find special usefulness as structural materials in the manufacture of explosive warheads for use against both light and heavy targets. Antipersonnel grenades, aerial bombs, light and heavy artillary shells, as well as other explosive warheads, can be fabricated from the steel alloys of this invention. The addition of boron provides the means for achieving control over the fragment mass distribution patterns emanating from exploding warheads fabricated from the steel alloys of this invention.
Accordingly, the primary object of this invention is to provide a steel alloy that possesses desirable fragmentation characteristics for use as a structural material in exploding warheads.
Another object of this invention is to provide a low alloy steel whose fragmentation characteristics are controlled by the addition of boron as an alloying ingredient.
Still another object of this invention is to provide a structural material that possesses the type of fragment mass dis-tribution characteristics that make it especially useful in the manufacture of antipersonnel and antivehicle weapons for use against both light and heavy targets.
The above and still other objects and advantages of the present invention will become readily apparent upon consideration of the following detailed description thereof when taken in conjunction with the following drawings.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS In the drawings:
FIGS. 1 and 2 are graphical representations showing the effects of boron content on the fragment mass distribution characteristics of the low alloy steels of this invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The fragmentation materials of this invention are low alloy steels of medium carbon content and are characterized by having a fern'tic-pearlitic matrix. The addition of boron, as an essential alloying ingredient, provides the control needed to produce the desirable fragment mass distribution characteristics required by ex-- Table I Composition, weight percent Example Structure C Mn Cr V Be Fe 1 Forged 0.49 1.38 1.18 0.22 0.003 bal. 1.37 1.21 0.19 0.002 bal. 1.37 1.20 0.17 0.006 bal. 1.36 0. l7 0.002 bal.
The boron additions to the steel alloys of this invention produce a network of brittle iron-boron compounds in the ferritic-pearlitic matrix and influence the fragmentation characteristics of the alloy. In this invention the influence of boron additions on the fragmentation characteristics of both forged and cast steels were evaluated by adding two levels of boron to the medium carbon low alloy steels illustrated in Table I.
It was found, as shown by the graphs of FIGS. 1 and 2, that the influence of boron content on fragmentation characteristics was greater in forged structures whereas with cast structures the effects were not as readily apparent. This is understandable since the cast structure would be expected to greatly influence fragmentation, thereby masking the effects of the boron addition. The graphical results clearly demonstrate that in conjunction with proper heat treatment, the control of boron content can provide for the controlled fragmentation of forged steels. This type of control appears to be most amenable in the medium to large fragment ranges and, as such, makes the alloy especially useful as an element in weapons employed against light and heavy targets.
From an examination of the foregoing, it can be seen that the present invention involves a technique that provides a simple and efficient means for producing military warheads having a high degree of fragmentation. By utilizing and properly selecting the compositional content of low alloy steels having a ferriticto 0.53 percent carbon; about 1.36 to 1.38 percent manganese; about 1.18 to 1.21 percent chromium; about 0.17 to 0.22 percent vanadium; and the balance essentially all iron.
2. An alloy in accordance with claim 1 containing about 0.002 percent boron.
3. An alloy in accordance with claim 1 containing about 0.006 percent boron.
Claims (2)
- 2. An alloy in accordance with claim 1 containing about 0.002 percent boron.
- 3. An alloy in accordance with claim 1 containing about 0.006 percent boron.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US28028272A | 1972-08-14 | 1972-08-14 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3791818A true US3791818A (en) | 1974-02-12 |
Family
ID=23072420
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US00280282A Expired - Lifetime US3791818A (en) | 1972-08-14 | 1972-08-14 | Steel alloy |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3791818A (en) |
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3880081A (en) * | 1973-12-19 | 1975-04-29 | Us Army | High boron alloy steel fragmentation munition |
| US4066422A (en) * | 1975-10-02 | 1978-01-03 | Caterpillar Tractor Co. | Wear-resistant composite material and method of making an article thereof |
| US4303015A (en) * | 1979-02-28 | 1981-12-01 | Fabrique Nationale Herstal, En Abrege F.N. | Pre-fragmented explosive shell |
| US5913256A (en) * | 1993-07-06 | 1999-06-15 | Lockheed Martin Energy Systems, Inc. | Non-lead environmentally safe projectiles and explosive container |
| US6149705A (en) * | 1994-07-06 | 2000-11-21 | Ut-Battelle, Llc | Non-lead, environmentally safe projectiles and method of making same |
| US6484642B1 (en) * | 2000-11-02 | 2002-11-26 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Fragmentation warhead |
| EP2343391A1 (en) * | 2008-10-24 | 2011-07-13 | Ningbo Hopesun New Material Co., Ltd | High-alloyed cold die steel |
Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2528867A (en) * | 1948-06-28 | 1950-11-07 | Carnegie Illinois Steel Corp | Production of thermally hardenable boron-titanium steels |
| US2683086A (en) * | 1952-08-28 | 1954-07-06 | Timken Roller Bearing Co | Low alloy steel containing boron and titanium for high-temperature use |
| US2737455A (en) * | 1953-04-01 | 1956-03-06 | Thos Firth & John Brown Ltd | Ferritic creep-resisting steels |
| US2858206A (en) * | 1956-05-04 | 1958-10-28 | United States Steel Corp | Nickel-free, low-alloy, high-strength steel |
| US3288600A (en) * | 1960-11-07 | 1966-11-29 | Armco Steel Corp | Low carbon, high strength alloy steel |
| US3547032A (en) * | 1969-02-19 | 1970-12-15 | Bethlehem Steel Corp | Steel alloy shell body |
| US3615879A (en) * | 1967-08-08 | 1971-10-26 | Pont A Mousson | Centrifugal mold for the casting of liquid metal and the process for producing said centrifugal mold |
-
1972
- 1972-08-14 US US00280282A patent/US3791818A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2528867A (en) * | 1948-06-28 | 1950-11-07 | Carnegie Illinois Steel Corp | Production of thermally hardenable boron-titanium steels |
| US2683086A (en) * | 1952-08-28 | 1954-07-06 | Timken Roller Bearing Co | Low alloy steel containing boron and titanium for high-temperature use |
| US2737455A (en) * | 1953-04-01 | 1956-03-06 | Thos Firth & John Brown Ltd | Ferritic creep-resisting steels |
| US2858206A (en) * | 1956-05-04 | 1958-10-28 | United States Steel Corp | Nickel-free, low-alloy, high-strength steel |
| US3288600A (en) * | 1960-11-07 | 1966-11-29 | Armco Steel Corp | Low carbon, high strength alloy steel |
| US3615879A (en) * | 1967-08-08 | 1971-10-26 | Pont A Mousson | Centrifugal mold for the casting of liquid metal and the process for producing said centrifugal mold |
| US3547032A (en) * | 1969-02-19 | 1970-12-15 | Bethlehem Steel Corp | Steel alloy shell body |
Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3880081A (en) * | 1973-12-19 | 1975-04-29 | Us Army | High boron alloy steel fragmentation munition |
| US4066422A (en) * | 1975-10-02 | 1978-01-03 | Caterpillar Tractor Co. | Wear-resistant composite material and method of making an article thereof |
| US4303015A (en) * | 1979-02-28 | 1981-12-01 | Fabrique Nationale Herstal, En Abrege F.N. | Pre-fragmented explosive shell |
| US5913256A (en) * | 1993-07-06 | 1999-06-15 | Lockheed Martin Energy Systems, Inc. | Non-lead environmentally safe projectiles and explosive container |
| US6174494B1 (en) | 1993-07-06 | 2001-01-16 | Lockheed Martin Energy Systems, Inc. | Non-lead, environmentally safe projectiles and explosives containers |
| US6149705A (en) * | 1994-07-06 | 2000-11-21 | Ut-Battelle, Llc | Non-lead, environmentally safe projectiles and method of making same |
| US6484642B1 (en) * | 2000-11-02 | 2002-11-26 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Fragmentation warhead |
| EP2343391A1 (en) * | 2008-10-24 | 2011-07-13 | Ningbo Hopesun New Material Co., Ltd | High-alloyed cold die steel |
| EP2343391A4 (en) * | 2008-10-24 | 2013-06-26 | Ningbo Hopesun New Material Co Ltd | High-alloyed cold die steel |
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