US3917317A - Book indexing and processing system - Google Patents

Book indexing and processing system Download PDF

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US3917317A
US3917317A US445516A US44551674A US3917317A US 3917317 A US3917317 A US 3917317A US 445516 A US445516 A US 445516A US 44551674 A US44551674 A US 44551674A US 3917317 A US3917317 A US 3917317A
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index
manuscript
text
indicia
book
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Vincent J Ryan
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University of California Berkeley
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
    • B42C—BOOKBINDING
    • B42C19/00—Multi-step processes for making books
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
    • B42F—SHEETS TEMPORARILY ATTACHED TOGETHER; FILING APPLIANCES; FILE CARDS; INDEXING
    • B42F21/00—Indexing means; Indexing tabs or protectors therefor

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  • ABSTRACT A process for manufacturing books containing an index and for expediting publication thereof is disclosed. Both text and index are processed in such a way as to be ready simultaneously for printing. Indexing is based on theauthors manuscript rather than typeset pages. The material to be indexed in the manuscript is denoted therein. Index-indicia are assigned to each item of denoted material; they are ordinarily assigned in accordance with the sequential appearance of the items in the manuscript. When the manuscript text is finally typeset and the index is being composed, the index-indicia are converted to the page numbers of the text on which the material appears. Thus both text and index are processed, nonstop, in one and the same operation. The text and/or index can be processed by computer or manually, as desired.
  • Boulder Dam name controversy, l32-l33 See also Johnson. Hiram Father of Boulder Dam. See Boulder Dam: Swing. Philip David Hoover Dam. See Boulder Dam Hoover, Herbert: as engineer, 132 (see also Compact); dam named for. l32-l33 Sacramento Bee. 132
  • index One major problem area in book processing today is the compilation and production of the index so that it correlates with the final pages of the typeset text.
  • the normal procedure in book production is for the author to prepare the index when the final version of the typeset text pages is completed. By this time, a year and a half may have elapsed since the author forwarded the manuscript to the publisher, and the author may no longer have an interest in the publication other obligations may have arisen, or he may be unavailable. Even if a professional indexer is engaged, little time is likely to be saved. An index takes time to be compiled, and then it must be edited, typeset, proofread, corrected in type, paginated, reproofed and recorrected.
  • a major disadvantage in having the author wait so long to prepare the index to the publication is that the subject matter is no longer fresh in his mind.
  • the author is obligated to work on a subject that may no longer be motivating. He must also produce the index under pressure of meeting a deadline. In such circumstances, it has been found that the final indexing product is not satisfactory, nor can the author improve the test which has already been typeset. Additionally, the author may feel a need to make major alterations in the text in order to accommodate certain developments in the subject matter of his work; this is almost impossible, due to the expense involved in redoing the typesetting. Since the author is generally responsible for preparation of the index and since he is normally the person best qualified to do the job, a better system of book processing one which aids the author to perform the indexing is greatly needed.
  • the present invention of book processing provides a system for indexing before, during and after editing of a manuscript. That is, the index can be compiled and processed in type concurrently and integrally with the preediting, editing and composition of the manuscript text.
  • the system enables both the text and the index to be edited and compiled and to be typeset in virtually one and the same continuous operation.
  • the material to be indexed is denoted in the manuscript text, usually by underscoring or circling. Each piece of denoted material is assigned a special symbol such as an index-indicia number.
  • the denoted material is then separated out and compiled as follows: the key words of the material to be indexed are sorted and alphabetized; main heads and subheads are arranged in alphabetical or numerical order, as desired; entries are edited (redundacies are eliminated, cross-references are supplied); and finally cross-references are run in at the appropriate places.
  • index cards typically, such a series of steps can be performed manually with index cards, or machanically in part with a card sorter, or electronically to some extent by means of a computer program.
  • the alphabetized or assembled index is compiled in preliminary form, that is, the index-indicia numbers will accompany the denoted items as substitutes for the as yet unknown book-page numbers.
  • the preliminary index can be finalized and typeset, with the indexindicia numbers converted to the page numbers found on the typeset version of the text.
  • the book manufacturing process of the present invention incorporating a system of pre-pages indexing can place the index at the core of the overall production process, instead of treating the indexing as an appendage to the production cycle where it becomes the common bottleneck of all book production.
  • Integration and concurrence of indexing and text-processing operations constitute a production process radically different from that practiced in conventional publishing and printing.
  • the production process of the present invention in addition to its many advantages for authors, shortens editing and type-setting time, eases proofing, correcting and scheduling procedures, and reduces publishing and bookmaking costs.
  • a main advantage to the author is that he can strengthen weaknesses turned up in the text by the indexing since the index is compiled prior to the text being set in type.
  • Both the book processing and/or the indexing can be either manually performed or computer assisted. No part of either the book or index processing, however, needs to be computerized, not even the typesetting of the text. Hot-metal or linofilm systems of composition may readily be used. Indexing has to be performed manually initially, in any case, but its clerical compilation may be computer assisted. If the clerical compilation work is computer assisted, typesetting of the index does not have to be computerized aswell, although this is advisable because feasible and economical (a second keyboarding of the index data is not required as with other systems). Therefore, the process of the present invention can be readily adopted by publishers and printers whether or not they usecomputer equipment. Manual processing of the index, however, may be found laborious and, apart-from allowing firm scheduling, represents little improvement over conventional methods.
  • FIG. 1 is a flow diagram used to explain the stepsof manufacturing a manuscript text and its index into a final book publication which incorporates the indexing system of the present invention
  • FIGS. 2 and 3 are pages of a manuscript which has been indexed by the system of the present invention
  • FIG. 4 is an index listing prepared from the indexed manuscript of FIGS. 2 and 3;
  • FIG. 5 is an index listing which has been edited and marked for keypunching or encoding
  • FIG. 6 is an index printout which has been produced from the data supplied in an index listing such as the index listing of FIG. 5;
  • FIGS. 7 and 8 are typeset text pages produced from the edited, master manuscript having index-indicia merged thereon;
  • FIG. 9 is a typeset output of the index, with the indexindicia numbers converted into the desired book-page numbers in accordance with the indexing system of the present invention.
  • FIG. 1 a flow diagram used to explain the complete-book manufacturing process of the present invention.
  • the process of FIG. 1 utilizes an indexing system wherein the author denotes the material to be indexed in his manuscript and identifies each denoted material vw'th an index-indicia number.
  • index-indicia numbers operate temporarily as substitutes for the final publication page numbers, which are as yet unknown.
  • index precompilation For the work of indexdenoting selection (index precompilation), it is assumed that the author is familiar with the basic principles of indexing.
  • the author submits his manuscript (MS) to the publisher, as indicated by line 12.
  • the publisher considers the manuscript for publication. Should he decide to publish the manuscript, it is then sent to a compositor, as indicated by line 14.
  • the compositor edits and designs the manuscript, and returns it to the author for checking and improving, as indicated by line 16.
  • the author forwards a duplicate indexed copy of the manuscript (shown in dotted lines) to the compositor, as indicated by line 18.
  • the compositor then compiles the index by means of a computer or other sorting techniques, from the second indexed manuscript.
  • the compositor then sends a printout (or a sortout if the index is not assembled by computer) of the index to the author for proofreading, as indicated by line 22. If should be noted that the edited, master manuscript could be sent to the author simultaneously with the printout of the compiled index.
  • the author reads and corrects the edited manuscript and index printout, checking and revising the edited manuscript and index printout against each other, and forwards both to the compositor, as indicated by line 24.
  • the compositor marks the edited manuscript for typesetting, merging both the edited manuscript and the indexed manuscript, and undates the index printout or sortout. If a computer has been used to 4 compile the index, the index tape is updated. Then the conpositor sets the pages of the text and outputs the index in type. Proof is then forwarded to the author aand optionally can include the index proof as well, as indicated by line 26.
  • the author reads the proof and returns it to the publisher, as indicated by line 28.
  • the publisher checks the final proof and it is then forwarded to the compositor, as indicated by line 32. Finally, the compositor updates the test typesetting (the composition tape if photocomposition is used) and sends camera-ready pages or negatives of both text and index to the printer for printing of the final publication.
  • the test typesetting the composition tape if photocomposition is used
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a page of an indexed manuscript (numbered page 225) which can be the original manuscript submitted to the publisher or a duplicate copy which are assigned to the items of denoted material, as will be further explained. They are usually thoughnot I necessarily put in consecutive order. Should an item, run over a number of manuscript pages an indication is made on the line where the item begins by placing a hyphen after the number, i.e., 354-, or 355-. When the item ends, the same number is placed on the margin with a hyphen preceding the number, i.e., -354, or
  • FIG. 3 which represents the next page, i.e., page 226 of the indexed manuscript.
  • an index listing is prepared, listing the denoted items in consecutive order by index-indicia numbers together with the page numbers on which the items appear in the manuscript.
  • the de-. noted items to be indexed are reproduced from the in-. dexed manuscript in the index listing as shown in FIG. 4. Each item is reproduced in full each time.
  • the denoted items are normally placed in the order in which they are found in the text, but they may also be scrama bled.
  • the items are put in standard index style, that is, simple entries and main heads (of complex entries) are put in the usual inverted order. A main head is reproduced as often as its proper subhead occurs in the text (e.g., items 353 and 354 of FIG.
  • both subheads had to have their proper main heads supplied: Hoover, Herbert: as engineer, 225 and Hoover, Herbert: dam named for, 255).
  • both a main head and a subentry must be reproduced each time for their proper sub-subentry. This is done in much the same manner as one would do if one were using index cards.
  • Each denoted item carries the same index-indicia number as assigned to it on the indexed manuscript.
  • the index listing of FIG. 4 is next edited and marked for keypunching or encoding in preparation for processing such as by computer. If the keypuncher has also indexing experience, of course, these steps can be eliminated as the keypuncher can input from memory the editing and special marks that are required for processing the index data.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates the index listing of FIG. 4 which has been edited and marked for keypunching or encoding.
  • the symbol S is used to denote subheads that are to appear in numerically ascending order, that is, the order in which the items are found in the text.
  • a typeindicator A (not shown) could be used to indicate subentries that are to appear in alphabetical order.
  • the symbol X is used to denote cross-references. Of course, other markings and codings could be used, the above being merely an example of one form of coding.
  • the index-indicia numbers are keypunched or encoded following the items they identify. The manuscript page numbers are ignored. In processing the index data during a further step, the indexindicia numbers will operate as would-be page reference numbers.
  • bracketing device has numerous other applications as well.
  • the index data together with the indexing program are next fed into a computer. This step is taken even though the final publication page numbers for the index items are not yet known.
  • the index-indicia numbers serve as temporary substitutes for the final publication page numbers.
  • the program unscrambled the denoted items, alphabetizes, coordinates the component parts of the entries, arranges subentries in alphabetical order or numerical order, eliminates redundancies and provides proper punctuation. Cross-references are provided at the appropriate places.
  • the assembled index is then printed out for proofreading and correcting.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates the index printout from the data supplied from FIG. 5. Note that the index-indicia numbers now follow rather than precede each denoted item. The printout is next checked for errors. (In item 6, e.g., The has been circled to indicate an error.) The author marks corrections on the printout as he would on proof.
  • index tape is updated on the basis of the corrected index printout. When updating has been completed, the indexing program and index data tape are retained to await production of the text pages.
  • the index printout performs another function besides that of correcting or improving the index data. Errors and inconsistencies, which are usually found easily in an index, as a rule turn up counterparts overlooked in the main body of the manuscript. These errors can then be taken care of by an editor. Other errors discovered in the text with the help of the index printout, or
  • the index-indicia numbers of the index data are transferred to the master manuscript for the indexed manuscript.
  • both manuscripts are merged for the purpose of indexing.
  • the index-indicia numbers are written in the margin opposite their respective items in the text as before. New index-indicia numbers are also indicated in the typesetting copy.
  • the index-indicia numbers are input and programmed to appear in the margin of the composition (see FIGS. 7 and 8). If Linotype or linofilm systems of typesetting are used, the index-indicia numbers can be set manually in the margins. Even with photocomposition systems, the index-indicia numbers can be transferred manually to the page proof instead of the manuscript, if desired.
  • the concurrence table indicates the final publication page numbers that the index-indicia numbers appear on.
  • the concurrence table consists of a series of equations, each containing an index-indicia number and its concurrent book-page number.
  • the concurrence table is keyed onto the updated index tape; it and the indexing program are rerun.
  • the index-indicia numbers, which were previously keyed into the index data, are converted into the desired publication page numbers. Each item number input will result in its concurrent book-page number.
  • the output tape containing the updated items and page numbers is interfaced with electronic typesetting equipment and the final index is output in type-set form.
  • FIG. 9 illustrates a sample of typeset index output as it will appear in print.
  • This typesetting is acquired from an updated version of the items in the computer printout of FIG. 6, with the index-indicia numbers converted automatically to publication page numbers.
  • the index is, thus, typeset and paginated in final, machineready form, and is entirely error-free because it has been already updated. More importantly, the index can be output in the typeset form of FIG. 9 within minutes of the moment book pages are ready, whether the latter were produced by computer typesetting techniques or more traditional methods.
  • indexing that is computer assisted to some degree is preferable.
  • the system above described is probably the most practical, given the present state of the art. But higher levels of computerization can be achieved 7 for example, intermediate steps now performed manually as described above can be performed automatically and perhaps the entire production cycle, based on the system of the present invention, can be fully automated.
  • the process of the present invention is made unique by the possibility of placing the index at the core of the production cycle and of processing the index concurrently and integrally on three successive levels with the three successive stages of product development: (1) index precompilation with text preediting; (2) index compilation with text editing; and (3) index processing in type with text processing-so that both index and text are output simultaneously in printing-ready form. Integration of concurrent operations results in the text itself being edited, typeset and generally processed in a wholly unique way, and its effects can be felt also in the book printing and binding stages and beyond.

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Abstract

A process for manufacturing books containing an index and for expediting publication thereof is disclosed. Both text and index are processed in such a way as to be ready simultaneously for printing. Indexing is based on the author''s manuscript rather than typeset pages. The material to be indexed in the manuscript is denoted therein. Index-indicia are assigned to each item of denoted material; they are ordinarily assigned in accordance with the sequential appearance of the items in the manuscript. When the manuscript text is finally typeset and the index is being composed, the index-indicia are converted to the page numbers of the text on which the material appears. Thus both text and index are processed, nonstop, in one and the same operation. The text and/or index can be processed by computer or manually, as desired.

Description

United States Patent [1 1 Ryan [ Nov. 4, 1975 [54] BOOK INDEXING AND PROCESSING SYSTEM [75] Inventor:
[73] Assignee: The Regents of the University of California, Berkeley, Calif.
[22] Filed: Feb. 25, 1974 [21] Appl. No.: 445,516
Vincent J. Ryan, Van Nuys, Calif.
OTHER PUBLICATIONS A Guide for the Preparation of Indexes, by Eleanor T. Harris, Copyright The Rand Corp., 1965, pp. 2, 4 and 9.
Primary ExaminerLawrence Charles Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Harvey S. Hertz [57] ABSTRACT A process for manufacturing books containing an index and for expediting publication thereof is disclosed. Both text and index are processed in such a way as to be ready simultaneously for printing. Indexing is based on theauthors manuscript rather than typeset pages. The material to be indexed in the manuscript is denoted therein. Index-indicia are assigned to each item of denoted material; they are ordinarily assigned in accordance with the sequential appearance of the items in the manuscript. When the manuscript text is finally typeset and the index is being composed, the index-indicia are converted to the page numbers of the text on which the material appears. Thus both text and index are processed, nonstop, in one and the same operation. The text and/or index can be processed by computer or manually, as desired.
4 Claims, 9 Drawing Figures US. Patent Nov. 4, 1975 Sheet 1 of9 3,917,317
US. Patent Nov. 4, 1975 Sheet 2 of 9 Indexed Manuscript begin before a year or more of preliminary work. elected to symbolize the start of the project by driving a silver spike for the short railroad line which was to connect the dam site with the Union Pacific Railroad in Las Vegas. On 17 September 1930 Wilbur drove the spike and declared, "I have the honor to name this dam after a great engineer who really started this greatest project of all times. the Hoover Dam. 35 Shock reverberated throughout California, Nevada. and wherever the friends of the Boulder Canyon project were to be found. The Sacramento Egg castigated Wilbur for his "unappr oa chable gall," and leveled the accusation that he had ignored facts. "He made a consummate ass of himself," and he "assumed the prerogative of Mussolini. 36
On the day Wilbur renamed the dam the a n Francisco News carried comment on the recent primary election.
They predicted that governor-elect James Rolph and Congressman Phil D. Swing were the men who would most likely be Senate candidates in 1932. The News further identified Swing for its readers as a popular young veteran,
an aggressive and experienced lawmaker, and "the real father of Boulder Dam." 37
Examining Wilbur's act from a legal rather than an emotional stance, Swing was convinced'that the original name given to the project would stand. Congress had the legislative prerogative and it had recognized the project FlG.2.
US. Patent Nov. 4, 1975 Sheet 3 of 9 as Boulder Dam. There had already been two attempts to change the name in Congress. Representative Edward Taylor had introduced a bill to change the dam name to Hoover in May 1929. Senator Reed Smoot of Utah had introduced a similar measure in January 1930. Both bills had been assigned to the respective Irrigation committees and never reported out. 40
Privately Swing was very disappointed at the turn of events. "It looks as if those of us,who worked for the great Boulder Dam are going to, be shoved out of the picture by changing the name and credit for the work." 41
The following sincere, originally punctuated letter could not help but restore his good humor:
My, Dear, Mr, Swing,
I do not comprehend his legal right? and I hope ever man and woman in Nevada, Arizona and California will unanimously demand the name to remain known to the entire United States as the Swing, Johnson, Bolder Dam. 42
Wing was justifiably pleased when a second amendment by Colorado Representative Taylor to change the name of the dam officially was rejected by the House on 12 December 1930. 43
In October 1930 Arizona filed a complaint in the Supreme Court against all other Colorado River basin states and Ray Lyman Wilbur. Arizona alleged that the Boulder Canyon Project Act was unconstitutional, that FIGZ).
US Patent Nov. 4, 1975 Sheet 4 of 9 Author-prepared Index Listing Wilbur, Ray Lyman, 225
Union Pacific Railroad, 225
Hoover, Herbert: as engineer, 225
" (see also Compact) Wilbur, Ray Lyman, 226
Boulder Canyon Project Act, 226
FIG.4.
U.S. Patent Nov. 4, 1975 MKQ O DN Sheet 5 of 9 Index Listing Marked for Inputting Wilbur, Ray Lyman,/#351 Union Pacific RaiZroad,/#352 Hoover, Herbert/as engineer,#553
Hoover, Herbert:/as engineer,#( s glgg Compact) Hoover, Herbert/dam named f0r,#354--.3.54
Hoover Dam/2g Boulder Dam Boulder Dwm/na'me controversy, #355--355 Boulder Dam/ 331 w Johnson, Hiram Sacramento B e e, g g/#356 Father of Boulder Dam:/ e e Swing, Philip David Father of Boulder Dwn:/S e e Boulder Dam Taylor, Edward,/#358 Smoot, Reed,/#359 Wilbur, Ray Lyman,/#360 Boulder Canyon Project Act,/#561 FIG.5.
U.S. Patent Nov. 4, 1975 Sheet 6 of9 3,917,317
Index Printout Boulder Canyon Project Act, 361
Boulder Dam: name controversy, 355--3S5. See also John son, Hiram Father of Boulder Dam.- See Boulder Dam; Swing, Philip David Hoover Dam. See Boulder Dam Hoover, Herbert: as engineer, 353 (see also Compact) dam named for, 354--354 Sacramento B23, @356 San Francisco News, 357
Smoot, Reed, 359
Taylor, Edward, 358
Union Pacific Railroad, 352
Wilbur, Ray Lyman, 351, 360
FIGJG.
US. Patent Nov. 4, 1975 Sheet7 of9 3,917,317
132 Senatorial Aspirations Valley. This could be developed in conjunction with wide-ranging speaking tours, and Phil Swing liked to make speeches.
The first dam appropriations from Congress prompted Ray Lyman Wilbur to mark the projects commencement with a September ceremony in Nevada. The practical necessities of the construction schedule dictated that work on the dam proper could not 351 begin before a year or more of preliminary work. W ilhur elected to symbolize the start of the project by driving a silver spike for the short railroad line which was to connect the dam site with the 352 Union Pacific Railroad in Las Vegas. On 17 September 1930 Wilbur 353 drove the spike and declared, I have the honor to name this dam 354 after a great engineer who really started this greatest project of all times, the Hoover Damf Shock reverberated throughout California. Nevada. and wherever the friends of the Boulder Canyon 356 project were to be found. The Sacramento Bee castigated Wilbur for his unapproachahle gall, and leveled the accusation that he had ignored facts. He [\Vilbur] made a consummate ass of himself. and he assumed the prerogative of Mussolini."
357 On the day \Vilhur renamed the dam the San Francisco New: carried comment on the recent primarv election. Thev predicted that governor-elect James Rolph and Congressman Phil D. Swing were the men who would most likely be Senate candidates in 1932. The News further identified Swing for its readers as a popular young veteran, an aggressive and experienced lawmaker. and the real father of Boulder Damf' During the weeks that followed \Vilburs announcement Swing received a number of letters from friends who wrote him to share their sense of outrage for Wilburs deed. Swings response to nearly all of them was calm. in contrast to that of the newspapers. To Sam Evans he put the matter in perspective. How many people know that Muscle Shoals was rechristened Wilson Dam? he queried." I do not think there is any larceny involved in the mere naming of the project of Senator Johnson and my own labor the Hoover Dam. he wrote to another friend. "Many a child has been named for a man who admittedly was not its father! Examining \Vilbur's act from a legal rather than an emotional stance, Swing was convinced that the original name given to the project would stand. Congress had the legislative prerogative and FlG.7.
US Patent Nov. 4, 1975 Sheet 8 of 9 Senatorial Aspirations 133 it had recognized the project as Boulder Dam. There had already been two attempts to change the name in Congress. Representative Edward Taylor had introduced a bill to change the dam name to Hoover in May 1929. Senator Reed Smoot of Utah had introduced a similar measure in January 1930. Both bills had been assigned to the respective Irrigation committees and never reported out.
Privately Swing was very disappointed at the turn of events. lt looks as if those of us who worked for the great Boulder Dam are going to be shoved out of the picture by changing the name and credit for the work." The following sincere. originally punctuated letter could not help but restore his good humor:
My. Dear. Mr. Swing,
I do not comprehend his legal right? and i hope ever man and woman in Nevada, Arizona and California will unanimously demand the name to remain known to the entire United States as the Swing. Johnson. Bolder Dam.
Swing was justifiably pleased when a second amendment by Colorado Representative Taylor to change the name of the dam oificially was rejected by the House on 12 December 1930.
In October 1930 Arizona filed a complaint in the Supreme Court against all other Colorado River basin states and Ray Lyman Wilbur. Arizona alleged that the Boulder Canyon Proiect Act was unconstitutional. that Wilbur was invading the states quasisovereign rights by building the dam. and alleged that the Colorado was not navigable. The defendants could either file a motion to dismiss or file an answer in January. The motion to dismiss would deal only with questions of law, while an answer would raise questions of fact and law. The defendants elected to pursue the former course. Swing worked closely during the final session of the Seventy-first Congress with W. B. Mathews and Charles Childers, representing the state of California, in the preparation of California's motion for dismissal. Fortunately for the Boulder Canyon project, Arizona had not asked for a preliminary injunction. The work on the dam was not interrupted.
On 11 March 193i. a few days after the close of Congress. Secretary Wilbur, in the presence of Dr. Elwood Mead and Representative Phil D. Swing, signed the largest single contract that ever FlG.8.
US. Patent Nov. 4, 1975 Sheet 9 of 9 3,917,317
Typeset Output Boulder Canyon Project Act. I33
Boulder Dam: name controversy, l32-l33 See also Johnson. Hiram Father of Boulder Dam. See Boulder Dam: Swing. Philip David Hoover Dam. See Boulder Dam Hoover, Herbert: as engineer, 132 (see also Compact); dam named for. l32-l33 Sacramento Bee. 132
San Francisco News, I32
Smoot, Reed, 133
Taylor, Edward. I33
Union Pacific Railroad. 132
Wilbur, Ray Lyman, I32, I33
BOOK INDEXING AND PROCESSING SYSTEM BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTlON Conventional system of processing books that contain a back-of-the-book index are very laborious, time-consuming and expensive. Typically, after a manuscript is forwarded by an author to a publisher, up to months can be consumed in editorial assessment, editing, designing and final marking for typesetting. An additional 6 to 9 months are required to process the completed manuscript through typesetting, paging and indexing, including the attendant proofing, correcting and scheduling procedures for the latter steps.
Finally, an additional 3 to 6 months are required for the printing and binding of the completed book, Thus, it has been found that a minumum of 2 years lead time is required from the time the manuscript arrives in the publishers office until the pulbication date of the finished product. Such a lengthy time span and procedure require a large expenditure of funds without any income in return. Moreover, the book loses its timeliness and effectiveness as a vehicle of knowledge when compared to other communication media. While not all of the above steps can be expedited, there is much room for saving in time and expense in the editing, the typesetting and, particularly, the indexing of a book going through production.
One major problem area in book processing today is the compilation and production of the index so that it correlates with the final pages of the typeset text. The normal procedure in book production is for the author to prepare the index when the final version of the typeset text pages is completed. By this time, a year and a half may have elapsed since the author forwarded the manuscript to the publisher, and the author may no longer have an interest in the publication other obligations may have arisen, or he may be unavailable. Even if a professional indexer is engaged, little time is likely to be saved. An index takes time to be compiled, and then it must be edited, typeset, proofread, corrected in type, paginated, reproofed and recorrected. During this time, the main body of the publication must be held up at the printers until the index is ready for press. If production of the index falls behind schedule, the entire book printing must be rescheduled and this in turn necessitates rescheduling the publishing, promotion and advertising program.
A major disadvantage in having the author wait so long to prepare the index to the publication is that the subject matter is no longer fresh in his mind. The author is obligated to work on a subject that may no longer be motivating. He must also produce the index under pressure of meeting a deadline. In such circumstances, it has been found that the final indexing product is not satisfactory, nor can the author improve the test which has already been typeset. Additionally, the author may feel a need to make major alterations in the text in order to accommodate certain developments in the subject matter of his work; this is almost impossible, due to the expense involved in redoing the typesetting. Since the author is generally responsible for preparation of the index and since he is normally the person best qualified to do the job, a better system of book processing one which aids the author to perform the indexing is greatly needed.
The present invention of book processing provides a system for indexing before, during and after editing of a manuscript. That is, the index can be compiled and processed in type concurrently and integrally with the preediting, editing and composition of the manuscript text. The system enables both the text and the index to be edited and compiled and to be typeset in virtually one and the same continuous operation.
Briefly, the invented process works as follows: The material to be indexed is denoted in the manuscript text, usually by underscoring or circling. Each piece of denoted material is assigned a special symbol such as an index-indicia number. The denoted material is then separated out and compiled as follows: the key words of the material to be indexed are sorted and alphabetized; main heads and subheads are arranged in alphabetical or numerical order, as desired; entries are edited (redundacies are eliminated, cross-references are supplied); and finally cross-references are run in at the appropriate places.
Typically, such a series of steps can be performed manually with index cards, or machanically in part with a card sorter, or electronically to some extent by means of a computer program. The alphabetized or assembled index is compiled in preliminary form, that is, the index-indicia numbers will accompany the denoted items as substitutes for the as yet unknown book-page numbers. As soon as the manuscript text is set, the preliminary index can be finalized and typeset, with the indexindicia numbers converted to the page numbers found on the typeset version of the text.
The book manufacturing process of the present invention incorporating a system of pre-pages indexing can place the index at the core of the overall production process, instead of treating the indexing as an appendage to the production cycle where it becomes the common bottleneck of all book production. Integration and concurrence of indexing and text-processing operations constitute a production process radically different from that practiced in conventional publishing and printing. The production process of the present invention, in addition to its many advantages for authors, shortens editing and type-setting time, eases proofing, correcting and scheduling procedures, and reduces publishing and bookmaking costs. A main advantage to the author is that he can strengthen weaknesses turned up in the text by the indexing since the index is compiled prior to the text being set in type.
Both the book processing and/or the indexing can be either manually performed or computer assisted. No part of either the book or index processing, however, needs to be computerized, not even the typesetting of the text. Hot-metal or linofilm systems of composition may readily be used. Indexing has to be performed manually initially, in any case, but its clerical compilation may be computer assisted. If the clerical compilation work is computer assisted, typesetting of the index does not have to be computerized aswell, although this is advisable because feasible and economical (a second keyboarding of the index data is not required as with other systems). Therefore, the process of the present invention can be readily adopted by publishers and printers whether or not they usecomputer equipment. Manual processing of the index, however, may be found laborious and, apart-from allowing firm scheduling, represents little improvement over conventional methods.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a flow diagram used to explain the stepsof manufacturing a manuscript text and its index into a final book publication which incorporates the indexing system of the present invention;
FIGS. 2 and 3 are pages of a manuscript which has been indexed by the system of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is an index listing prepared from the indexed manuscript of FIGS. 2 and 3;
FIG. 5 is an index listing which has been edited and marked for keypunching or encoding;
FIG. 6 is an index printout which has been produced from the data supplied in an index listing such as the index listing of FIG. 5;
FIGS. 7 and 8 are typeset text pages produced from the edited, master manuscript having index-indicia merged thereon; and
FIG. 9 is a typeset output of the index, with the indexindicia numbers converted into the desired book-page numbers in accordance with the indexing system of the present invention. I
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring now to the drawings, there is shown in FIG. 1 a flow diagram used to explain the complete-book manufacturing process of the present invention. The process of FIG. 1 utilizes an indexing system wherein the author denotes the material to be indexed in his manuscript and identifies each denoted material vw'th an index-indicia number. As will be explained hereinafter, these index-indicia numbers operate temporarily as substitutes for the final publication page numbers, which are as yet unknown. For the work of indexdenoting selection (index precompilation), it is assumed that the author is familiar with the basic principles of indexing.
As illustrated in the flow diagram of FIG. I, normally the author submits his manuscript (MS) to the publisher, as indicated by line 12. At this time, the publisher considers the manuscript for publication. Should he decide to publish the manuscript, it is then sent to a compositor, as indicated by line 14. The compositor edits and designs the manuscript, and returns it to the author for checking and improving, as indicated by line 16.
If the original manuscript submitted to the publisher has not been indexed in accordance with the indexing system of the present invention, the author forwards a duplicate indexed copy of the manuscript (shown in dotted lines) to the compositor, as indicated by line 18. The compositor then compiles the index by means of a computer or other sorting techniques, from the second indexed manuscript. The compositor then sends a printout (or a sortout if the index is not assembled by computer) of the index to the author for proofreading, as indicated by line 22. If should be noted that the edited, master manuscript could be sent to the author simultaneously with the printout of the compiled index. The author reads and corrects the edited manuscript and index printout, checking and revising the edited manuscript and index printout against each other, and forwards both to the compositor, as indicated by line 24. The compositor then marks the edited manuscript for typesetting, merging both the edited manuscript and the indexed manuscript, and undates the index printout or sortout. If a computer has been used to 4 compile the index, the index tape is updated. Then the conpositor sets the pages of the text and outputs the index in type. Proof is then forwarded to the author aand optionally can include the index proof as well, as indicated by line 26. The author reads the proof and returns it to the publisher, as indicated by line 28. The publisher checks the final proof and it is then forwarded to the compositor, as indicated by line 32. Finally, the compositor updates the test typesetting (the composition tape if photocomposition is used) and sends camera-ready pages or negatives of both text and index to the printer for printing of the final publication.
FIG. 2 illustrates a page of an indexed manuscript (numbered page 225) which can be the original manuscript submitted to the publisher or a duplicate copy which are assigned to the items of denoted material, as will be further explained. They are usually thoughnot I necessarily put in consecutive order. Should an item, run over a number of manuscript pages an indication is made on the line where the item begins by placing a hyphen after the number, i.e., 354-, or 355-. When the item ends, the same number is placed on the margin with a hyphen preceding the number, i.e., -354, or
-355, as illustratedin FIG. 3 which represents the next page, i.e., page 226 of the indexed manuscript.
Then, as illustrated in FIG. 4, an index listing is prepared, listing the denoted items in consecutive order by index-indicia numbers together with the page numbers on which the items appear in the manuscript. The de-. noted items to be indexed are reproduced from the in-. dexed manuscript in the index listing as shown in FIG. 4. Each item is reproduced in full each time. The denoted items are normally placed in the order in which they are found in the text, but they may also be scrama bled. The items are put in standard index style, that is, simple entries and main heads (of complex entries) are put in the usual inverted order. A main head is reproduced as often as its proper subhead occurs in the text (e.g., items 353 and 354 of FIG. 2, both subheads, had to have their proper main heads supplied: Hoover, Herbert: as engineer, 225 and Hoover, Herbert: dam named for, 255). Similarly, both a main head and a subentry must be reproduced each time for their proper sub-subentry. This is done in much the same manner as one would do if one were using index cards. Each denoted item carries the same index-indicia number as assigned to it on the indexed manuscript.
If denoted items as encountered in the text are not phrased as they are to appear in the index, they are rephrased in the listing. Items that are not mentioned specifically in the text are improvised (cf. denoted item 355). Cross-references, which are not numbered, are also supplied. Denoted items must be spelled out consistently every time. The index-indicia numbers are normally listed to the left of the denoted items and the manuscript page numbers to the right of the denoted items.
It should be noted in FIG. 2 that the Sacramento Bee and the San Francisco News," being titles of newspapers, have each word underlined individually.
The entire phrase is also underlined. It should be understood, of course, that the individual-word underlining refers to the necessity of italicizing the words in the final printing of the publication and should not be confused with the index item-denoting system of the present invention.
The index listing of FIG. 4 is next edited and marked for keypunching or encoding in preparation for processing such as by computer. If the keypuncher has also indexing experience, of course, these steps can be eliminated as the keypuncher can input from memory the editing and special marks that are required for processing the index data.
FIG. 5 illustrates the index listing of FIG. 4 which has been edited and marked for keypunching or encoding. The symbol S is used to denote subheads that are to appear in numerically ascending order, that is, the order in which the items are found in the text. A typeindicator A (not shown) could be used to indicate subentries that are to appear in alphabetical order. The symbol X is used to denote cross-references. Of course, other markings and codings could be used, the above being merely an example of one form of coding. It should be noted that the index-indicia numbers are keypunched or encoded following the items they identify. The manuscript page numbers are ignored. In processing the index data during a further step, the indexindicia numbers will operate as would-be page reference numbers.
Where the type-indicator A is used, prepositions and other portions of subentries not to be alphabetized are bracketed. The bracketing device has numerous other applications as well.
The index data together with the indexing program are next fed into a computer. This step is taken even though the final publication page numbers for the index items are not yet known. The index-indicia numbers serve as temporary substitutes for the final publication page numbers. The program unscrambled the denoted items, alphabetizes, coordinates the component parts of the entries, arranges subentries in alphabetical order or numerical order, eliminates redundancies and provides proper punctuation. Cross-references are provided at the appropriate places. The assembled index is then printed out for proofreading and correcting.
FIG. 6 illustrates the index printout from the data supplied from FIG. 5. Note that the index-indicia numbers now follow rather than precede each denoted item. The printout is next checked for errors. (In item 6, e.g., The has been circled to indicate an error.) The author marks corrections on the printout as he would on proof.
If new items have been inserted, they are simply added to the index data together with their indexindicia numbers. Any denoted items deleted are deleted along with their index-indicia numbers. The index tape is updated on the basis of the corrected index printout. When updating has been completed, the indexing program and index data tape are retained to await production of the text pages.
The index printout performs another function besides that of correcting or improving the index data. Errors and inconsistencies, which are usually found easily in an index, as a rule turn up counterparts overlooked in the main body of the manuscript. These errors can then be taken care of by an editor. Other errors discovered in the text with the help of the index printout, or
changes the author makes, can easily be carried out,
6 too, since the assembled index printout is available prior to final typesetting of the manuscript. Thus, there are no authors alterations. (Note that the error in FIG. 6 has been corrected in FIG. 7.)
As the edited, master manuscript is marked for typesetting, the index-indicia numbers of the index data are transferred to the master manuscript for the indexed manuscript. In this way, both manuscripts are merged for the purpose of indexing. The index-indicia numbers are written in the margin opposite their respective items in the text as before. New index-indicia numbers are also indicated in the typesetting copy. In keyboarding the text, the index-indicia numbers are input and programmed to appear in the margin of the composition (see FIGS. 7 and 8). If Linotype or linofilm systems of typesetting are used, the index-indicia numbers can be set manually in the margins. Even with photocomposition systems, the index-indicia numbers can be transferred manually to the page proof instead of the manuscript, if desired.
As soon as the final publication page numbers are known, a concurrence table is formed. The concurrence table indicates the final publication page numbers that the index-indicia numbers appear on.
The concurrence table consists of a series of equations, each containing an index-indicia number and its concurrent book-page number. The concurrence table is keyed onto the updated index tape; it and the indexing program are rerun. The index-indicia numbers, which were previously keyed into the index data, are converted into the desired publication page numbers. Each item number input will result in its concurrent book-page number. The output tape containing the updated items and page numbers is interfaced with electronic typesetting equipment and the final index is output in type-set form.
FIG. 9 illustrates a sample of typeset index output as it will appear in print. This typesetting is acquired from an updated version of the items in the computer printout of FIG. 6, with the index-indicia numbers converted automatically to publication page numbers. The index is, thus, typeset and paginated in final, machineready form, and is entirely error-free because it has been already updated. More importantly, the index can be output in the typeset form of FIG. 9 within minutes of the moment book pages are ready, whether the latter were produced by computer typesetting techniques or more traditional methods. Unlike traditional production methods, there is no waiting for pages to be typeset before the index can be compiled, no index typescript need be edited, no index copy need be set, no matter need be proofread, corrected and revised, and there is no need to keep book pages standing at the printers until an index can be compiled and composed. A book with an index can be processed entirely in a single step by the method of the present invention.
While the invention has been described as providing an index utilizing a computer program, it should be understood that the index could also be processed manually. In such a system, denoted items and their accompanying index-indicia numbers are placed on conventional index cards. The cards are then manually alphabetized and a listing similar to that shown in FIG. 4 is prepared from the index cards. However, as noted earlier, indexing that is computer assisted to some degree is preferable. The system above described is probably the most practical, given the present state of the art. But higher levels of computerization can be achieved 7 for example, intermediate steps now performed manually as described above can be performed automatically and perhaps the entire production cycle, based on the system of the present invention, can be fully automated.
Whether the index is processed manually or computer assisted in varying degrees, the process of the present invention is made unique by the possibility of placing the index at the core of the production cycle and of processing the index concurrently and integrally on three successive levels with the three successive stages of product development: (1) index precompilation with text preediting; (2) index compilation with text editing; and (3) index processing in type with text processing-so that both index and text are output simultaneously in printing-ready form. Integration of concurrent operations results in the text itself being edited, typeset and generally processed in a wholly unique way, and its effects can be felt also in the book printing and binding stages and beyond.
I claim:
1. In a book manufacturing process the method of compiling a final index from manuscript, comprising the steps of:
a. encoding with a corresponding consecutive indexindicia code each item of indexed material in said manuscript;
2. In a book manufacturing process in accordance with claim 1 the method wherein said indexed material is further processed in alphabetical order.
3. In a book manufacturing process in accordance with claim 1 wherein said method includes the step of further reproducing said manuscript in final pageformat with said index-indicia codes appearing adjacent to said corresponding indexed material.
4. In a book manufacturing process in accordance with claim 1 the method wherein said index-indicia codes are converted in the index to the corresponding page numbers of the final text by means of a concurrence table, said concurrence table containing means for reading said index-indicia codes and printing out therefor the corresponding numbers of the pages whereon said index-indicia codes appear in said final

Claims (4)

1. In a book manufacturing process the method of compiling a final index from manuscript, comprising the steps of: a. encoding with a corresponding consecutive index-indicia code each item of indexed material in said manuscript; b. processing said indexed material and said corresponding consecutive index-indicia codes in a predetermined order; c. inputting said index-indicia codes concurrently with said manuscript; and d. converting said index-indicia codes to the corresponding page numbers of the final copy of the book.
2. In a book manufacturing process in accordance with claim 1 the method wherein said indexed Material is further processed in alphabetical order.
3. In a book manufacturing process in accordance with claim 1 wherein said method includes the step of further reproducing said manuscript in final page format with said index-indicia codes appearing adjacent to said corresponding indexed material.
4. In a book manufacturing process in accordance with claim 1 the method wherein said index-indicia codes are converted in the index to the corresponding page numbers of the final text by means of a concurrence table, said concurrence table containing means for reading said index-indicia codes and printing out therefor the corresponding numbers of the pages whereon said index-indicia codes appear in said final text.
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