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Rocket

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An kaddamar da rokar Soyuz-FG daga "Gagarin's Start" (Site 1/5), Baikonur Cosmodrome

roket (daga Italiyanci: , lit. "bobbin / spool", kuma an sa mai suna saboda siffarsa) [1] abin hawa ne wanda ke amfani da jet propulsion don hanzari ba tare da amfani da iska ba. Injin roket yana samar da turawa ta hanyar amsawa ga fitarwa da aka fitar da sauri. Injinan roket suna aiki gaba ɗaya daga man fetur da aka ɗauka a cikin abin hawa; saboda haka roket na iya tashi a cikin sararin samaniya. Rockets suna aiki da kyau a cikin iska kuma suna haifar da asarar turawa saboda matsin lamba na yanayi.

Rockets na Multistage suna iya samun saurin tserewa daga Duniya sabili da haka zasu iya cimma matsakaicin tsawo mara iyaka. Idan aka kwatanta da injunan numfashi, rokoki suna da nauyi kuma suna da iko kuma suna iya samar da babban hanzari. Don sarrafa jirgin su, rokoki sun dogara da ƙarfin, iska, injunan taimako, motsa jiki, ƙafafun motsi jiki, karkatar da kwararar fitarwa, kwararar man fetur, juyawa, ko nauyi.

Rockets don amfani da soja da nishaɗi sun samo asali ne daga akalla karni na 13 na kasar Sin.[2] Muhimmin amfani da kimiyya, interplanetary da masana'antu bai faru ba har zuwa karni na 20, lokacin da roketry shine fasahar da ke ba da damar Space Age, gami da sanya ƙafa a kan wata. Ana amfani da rokoki yanzu don wasan wuta, makamai masu linzami da sauran makamai, kujerun fitarwa, motocin kaddamarwa da tauraron dan adam na wucin gadi, Jirgin sararin samaniya na mutum, da Binciken sararin samaniya.

Rockets na sinadarai sune mafi yawan nau'ikan rokoki masu ƙarfi, yawanci suna haifar da fitarwa mai sauri ta hanyar konewa man fetur tare da oxidizer. Abun da aka adana na iya zama iskar gas mai sauƙi ko man fetur guda ɗaya wanda ke rarraba a gaban mai haɓaka (mai ƙarfi), ruwa biyu da ke amsawa da sauri akan tuntuɓar (mai amfani da hypergolic), ruwa biyu waɗanda dole ne a kunna su don amsawa (kamar kerosene (RP1) da ruwa oxygen, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a mafi yawan rokoki na ruwa-mai ƙarfi), haɗuwa mai ƙarfi tare da oxidizer (mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi), ko mai ƙarfi tare na ruwa ko oxidizer mai ƙarfi (tsarin mai haɗuwa mai haɗuwa da gas).[3] Rockets na sinadarai suna adana makamashi mai yawa a cikin sauƙin saki, kuma suna iya zama haɗari sosai. Koyaya, ƙira mai kyau, gwaji, gini da amfani yana rage haɗari.

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Rocket arrows depicted in the Huolongjing: "fire arrow", "dragon-shaped arrow frame", and a "complete fire arrow"

A kasar Sin, roket masu amfani da foda sun samo asali ne a tsakiyar kasar Sin a zamanin daular Song a karni na 13. Sun kuma ƙera wani farkon nau'i na harba roka da yawa a wannan lokacin. Mongols sun yi amfani da fasahar roka ta kasar Sin, kuma abin da aka kirkira ya bazu ta hanyar mamayar Mongol zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya da Turai a tsakiyar karni na 13.[4] A cewar Joseph Needham, sojojin ruwa na Song sun yi amfani da rokoki a wani atisayen soji da aka yi kwanan watan 1245. An ambaci roka na konewa na cikin gida a cikin wani bayani game da 1264, yana yin rikodin cewa "bera-ƙasa", nau'in wasan wuta, ya tsoratar da Empress-Mahaifiyar Gongsheng a wani bikin da aka yi don girmama ta da ɗanta [5] Sarkin sarakuna Lizong. Bayan haka, an shigar da rokoki a cikin littafin soja na Huolongjing, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Littafin Wuta Drake, wanda jami'in bindigu na kasar Sin Jiao Yu ya rubuta a tsakiyar karni na 14. Wannan rubutun ya ambaci roka na farko da aka sani da yawa, wato 'mazarin wuta da ke fitowa daga ruwa' (Huo long chu shui), wanda ake zaton sojojin ruwan kasar Sin ne suka yi amfani da shi.[6]

An yi amfani da rokoki na zamanin da da na zamani ta hanyar soji a matsayin makamai masu tayar da hankali a kewaye. A tsakanin shekara ta 1270 zuwa 1280, Hasan al-Rammah ya rubuta al-furusiyyah wa al-manasib al-harbiyya (Littafin Dokin Soja da Na'urorin Yaki), wanda ya hada da girke-girke na foda 107, 22 daga cikinsu na rokoki.[7][8] A Turai, Roger Bacon ya ambaci bindigogin wuta da aka yi a sassa daban-daban na duniya a cikin Opus Majus na 1267. Tsakanin 1280 zuwa 1300, Liber Ignium ya ba da umarnin yin na'urori masu kama da wuta bisa asusun hannu na biyu.[9] Konrad Kyeser ya bayyana rokoki a cikin littafinsa na soja na Bellifortis a kusa da 1405.[10] Giovanni Fontana, injiniyan Paduan a cikin 1420, ya ƙirƙiri adadi na dabbar roka.[11][12]

Sunan "rocket" ya fito ne daga rocchetta na Italiyanci, ma'ana "bobbin" ko "karamin spindle", wanda aka ba da shi saboda kamanni da siffar bobbin ko spool da ake amfani da shi don riƙe zaren daga motsin juyawa. Leonhard Fronsperger da Conrad Haas sun karɓi kalmar Italiyanci zuwa Jamusanci a tsakiyar karni na 16; "roka" ya bayyana a cikin Turanci a farkon karni na 17. Artis Magnae Artilleriae pars prima, muhimmin aikin zamani na farko kan makaman roka, na Casimir Siemienowicz, an fara buga shi a Amsterdam a shekara ta 1650.

Mysorean rockets and rocket artillery used to defeat an East India Company battalion during the Battle of Guntur

Roka na Mysorean su ne rokoki na farko da suka yi nasara a cikin rokoki na ƙarfe, waɗanda aka haɓaka a ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 a cikin Masarautar Mysore (ɓangare na Indiya ta yau) ƙarƙashin mulkin Hyder Ali.[13]

William Congreve at the bombardment of Copenhagen (1807) during the Napoleonic Wars

Makamin Congreve wani makamin Biritaniya ne wanda Sir William Congreve ya kera kuma ya kera shi a shekara ta 1804. Wannan roka an gina shi ne kai tsaye kan rokoki na Mysorean, an yi amfani da foda da aka matsa kuma an yi amfani da shi a yakin Napoleonic. Wannan roka ne na Congreve wanda Francis Scott Key ke magana a kai, lokacin da ya rubuta game da "jajayen hasken roka" a lokacin da ake tsare da shi a kan wani jirgin ruwa na Burtaniya da ke kewaye da Fort McHenry a 1814.[14] Tare, sabbin abubuwan Mysorean da na Biritaniya sun haɓaka tasirin rokoki na soja daga yadi 100 zuwa 2,000 (91 zuwa 1,829 m).

Magani na farko na ilimin lissafi na ƙarfin roka ya samo asali ne saboda William Moore (1813). A cikin 1814, Congreve ya buga littafi wanda a cikinsa ya tattauna amfani da na'urorin harba roka da yawa.[15][16] A cikin 1815 Alexander Dmitrievich Zasyadko ya gina dandamali na harba roka, wanda ya ba da damar harba rokoki a cikin salvos (roka 6 a lokaci guda), da na'urori masu harbi. William Hale a cikin 1844 ya ƙara haɓaka daidaiton makaman roka. Edward Mounier Boxer ya kara inganta roka na Congreve a 1865.

William Leitch ya fara ba da shawarar yin amfani da roka don ba da damar zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na ɗan adam a cikin 1861. An fara ba da bayanin bayanin jirgin Leitch a cikin maƙalarsa ta “A Journey through Space” a shekara ta 1861, wanda daga baya aka buga a cikin littafinsa ɗaukakar Allah a cikin sama (1862).[17] Konstantin Tsiolkovsky daga baya (a cikin 1903) shi ma ya yi tunanin wannan ra'ayi, kuma ya ɓullo da wani tsarin ka'idar da ya samar da tushen ci gaban jirgin sama.

The British Royal Flying Corps ya tsara roka mai jagora a lokacin yakin duniya na 1. Archibald Low ya bayyana "...a cikin 1917 Ayyukan Gwaji sun tsara roka mai sarrafa wutar lantarki ... An gudanar da gwaje-gwajen roka a ƙarƙashin ikon kaina tare da taimakon Cdr Brock."[18] Harba da sarrafa jagora na iya zama ko dai waya ko mara waya. Rikicin roka da jagora ya fito daga saniyar da ke karkata a hanci.

Robert Goddard with a liquid oxygen-gasoline rocket (1926)

A cikin 1920, Farfesa Robert Goddard na Jami'ar Clark ya buga yunƙurin inganta fasahar roka a cikin A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitude.[19] A cikin 1923, Hermann Oberth (1894-1989) ya buga Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen (The Rocket into Planetary Space). Roka na zamani sun samo asali ne a cikin 1926 lokacin da Goddard ya haɗa bututun ƙarfe na supersonic (de Laval) zuwa babban ɗakin konewa. Wadannan nozzles suna juya gas mai zafi daga ɗakin konewa zuwa mai sanyaya, hypersonic, jet na iskar gas sosai, fiye da ninka turawa da haɓaka ingancin injin daga 2% zuwa 64%. Amfanin da ya yi da masu sarrafa ruwa a maimakon foda ya rage nauyi sosai kuma ya kara tasirin rokoki.

A battery of Soviet Katyusha rocket launchers fires at German forces during the Battle of Stalingrad, 6 October 1942

A cikin 1921, dakin gwaje-gwajen bincike da ci gaba na Soviet Gas Dynamics Laboratory ya fara haɓaka rokoki masu ƙarfi, wanda ya haifar da harba na farko a cikin 1928, wanda ya tashi kusan mita 1,300.[19] An yi amfani da waɗannan rokoki a cikin 1931 don nasarar farko da aka yi amfani da rokoki a duniya don yin amfani da roka don tada jirgin sama, [20] kuma sun zama samfuran harba roka na Katyusha, [21] waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II.

A cikin 1929, an fito da fim ɗin almara na kimiyyar Jamus na Fritz Lang Woman in the Moon. Ya baje kolin amfani da roka mai matakai da yawa, sannan kuma ya fara aiwatar da manufar harba roka (rokatin da ke tsaye a kan wani dogon gini kafin a harba shi a hankali a hankali) da agogon kirga roka.[22][23] Mai sukar fim din The Guardian Stephen Armstrong ya ce Lang "ya kirkiro masana'antar roka".[24] Lang ya samu wahayi ne daga littafin 1923 The Rocket into Interplanetary na Hermann Oberth, wanda ya zama mashawarcin kimiyyar fim din kuma daga baya wani muhimmin jigo a cikin tawagar da suka kirkiri rokar V-2. An yi imanin cewa fim ɗin yana da haƙiƙa sosai ta yadda Nazis suka hana shi lokacin da suka hau kan karagar mulki don tsoron kada ya tona asirin rokoki na V-2.[25]

V-2 rocket launched from Test Stand VII, summer of 1943

A cikin 1943 an fara samar da rokar V-2 a Jamus. Cibiyar Nazarin Sojoji ta Peenemünde ce ta tsara shi tare da Wernher von Braun wanda ke aiki a matsayin darektan fasaha.[26] V-2 ya zama abu na farko da ya fara tafiya zuwa sararin samaniya ta hanyar ketare layin Kármán tare da ƙaddamar da MW 18014 a tsaye a ranar 20 ga Yuni 1944.[27] Doug Millard, masanin tarihin sararin samaniya kuma mai kula da fasahar sararin samaniya a gidan kayan tarihi na Kimiyya, London, inda aka baje kolin V-2 a cikin babban zauren nunin, ya ce: "V-2 ya kasance tsalle-tsalle na canjin fasaha. Mun isa duniyar wata ta amfani da fasahar V-2 amma wannan fasaha ce da aka ɓullo da manyan albarkatu, ciki har da wasu musamman m na Nazi. A V-2 da kuma tsada a cikin sharuddan aiki da aka yi amfani da rayuwar bayi. roka."[28] A cikin layi daya da shirin makami mai linzami na Jamus, an kuma yi amfani da rokoki a kan jiragen sama, ko dai don taimakawa a kwance (RATO), tashi tsaye (Bachem Ba 349 "Natter") ko kuma don ƙarfafa su (Ni 163, duba jerin makamai masu linzami na Jamus ja-goranci na Yaƙin Duniya na II). Shirye-shiryen roka na Allies ba su da fasaha, yawanci sun dogara da makamai masu linzami marasa jagora kamar roka na Soviet Katyusha a cikin aikin manyan bindigogi, da kuma bazuka na bazuka na Amurka. Waɗannan sun yi amfani da ƙaƙƙarfan abubuwan motsa jiki.

Nau'uka

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Tsarin motoci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Launch of Apollo 15 Saturn V rocket: T − 30 s through T + 40 s

Ana yawan kera motocin roka a cikin siffar “roka” doguwar sirara ta archetypal wacce ke tashi a tsaye, amma a zahiri akwai nau’ikan rokoki iri-iri da suka hada da:[29]

  • ƙananan samfura kamar roka na balloon, roka na ruwa, sama ko ƙananan rokoki masu ƙarfi waɗanda za'a iya siye a kantin sha'awa.
  • Makamai masu linzami
  • roka sararin samaniya kamar babban Saturn V da aka yi amfani da shi don shirin Apollo
  • Motocin roka
  • keken roka[30]
  • Jirgin sama mai amfani da roka (ciki har da taimakon roka daga jirgin sama na al'ada - RATO)
  • fakitin jet masu ƙarfin roka[31][32]
  • tsarin tserewa da sauri kamar kujerun fitarwa da tsarin tserewa
  • binciken sararin samaniya[33]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Bernhard, Jim (2007). Porcupine, Picayune, & Post: How Newspapers Get Their Names. University of Missouri Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-8262-6601-9. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
  2. ↑ MSFC History Office. "Rockets in Ancient Times (100 B.C. to 17th Century)". A Timeline of Rocket History. NASA. Archived from the original on 2009-07-09. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
  3. ↑ Sutton, George P.; Biblarz, Oscar (2001). Rocket Propulsion Elements. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-32642-7. Archived from the original on 12 January 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
  4. ↑ "A brief history of rocketry". NASA Spacelink. Archived from the original on 2006-08-05. Retrieved 2006-08-19. Rockets appear in Arab literature in 1258 A.D., describing Mongol invaders' use of them on February 15 to capture the city of Baghdad
  5. ↑ Crosby, Alfred W. (2002). Throwing Fire: Projectile Technology Through History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 100–103. ISBN 978-0-521-79158-8.
  6. ↑ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 510.
  7. ↑ Hassan, Ahmad Y. "Gunpowder Composition for Rockets and Cannon in Arabic Military Treatises In Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries". History of Science and Technology in Islam. Archived from the original on February 26, 2008. Retrieved March 29, 2008.
  8. ↑ Hassan, Ahmad Y. "Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part III: Technology Transfer in the Chemical Industries". History of Science and Technology in Islam. Archived from the original on March 9, 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-29.
  9. ↑ McCaig, A. D. (2000). "'The Soul of Artillery': Congreve's Rockets and Their Effectiveness in Warfare". Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research. 78 (316): 252–263. JSTOR 44230626.
  10. ↑ Riper, A. Bowdoin Van (2004). Rockets and missiles : the life story of a technology. Westport: Greenwood Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-313-32795-7.
  11. ↑ Grafton, Anthony (2007), "The Devil as Automaton", Genesis Redux, University of Chicago Press, pp. 46–62, doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226720838.003.0003, ISBN 978-0-226-72081-4, retrieved 2024-02-18
  12. ↑ Battisti, Eugenio; Saccaro Del Buffa Battisti, Giuseppa; Fontana, Giovanni (1984). Le macchine cifrate di Giovanni Fontana: con la riproduzione del Cod. icon. 242 della Bayerische Staatsbibliothek di Monaco di Baviera e la decrittazione di esso e del Cod. lat. nouv. acq. 635 della Bibliothèque nationale di Parigi. Milano: Arcadia Edizioni. ISBN 978-88-85684-06-5.
  13. ↑ "rocket and missile system | weapons system". Encyclopædia Britannica (Online ed.). Archived from the original on 2017-10-31. Retrieved 2017-10-29.
  14. ↑ Winter, Frank (September 2014). "The Rockets That Inspired Francis Scott Key". Air & Space Magazine. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
  15. ↑ Morris, Charles W. "MLRS and Maneuver Warfare". Marine Corps Association. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
  16. ↑ Congreve, William (2018) [1814]. The Details of the Rocket System. Project Gutenberg.
  17. ↑ Leitch, William (1862). God's Glory in the Heavens.
  18. ↑ 'Flight 3 October 1952, A. M. Low, "'The First Guided Missile' p. 436
  19. ↑ Zak, Anatoly. "Gas Dynamics Laboratory". Russian Space Web. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  20. ↑ Glushko, Valentin (1973). Developments of Rocketry and Space Technology in the USSR. Novosti Press Pub. House. p. 7.
  21. ↑ "Katyusha rocket launcher. Weapon of Victory: multiple launch rocket system 'Katyusha'". ezoteriker. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
  22. ↑ "The Directors (Fritz Lang)". Sky Arts. Season 1, episode 6. 2018
  23. ↑ Weide, Robert (Summer 2012). "The Outer Limits". DGA Quarterly. Los Angeles, California: Directors Guild of America, Inc.: 64–71. A gallery of behind-the-scenes shots of movies featuring space travel or aliens. Page 68, photo caption: "Directed by Fritz Lang (third from right), the silent film "Woman in the Moon" (1929) is considered one of the first serious science fiction films and invented the countdown before the launch of a rocket. Many of the basics of space travel were presented to a mass audience for the first time."
  24. ↑ "Woman in the Moon – Philip French on Fritz Lang's handsomely restored moon-mission yarn". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
  25. ↑ "Watch the Silent Film that Brought Rocket Science to the Masses". Vice. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
  26. ↑ Ordway, Frederick I., III.; Sharpe, Mitchell R. The Rocket Team. Apogee Books Space Series 36. p. 38.
  27. ↑ Neufeld, Michael J. (1995). The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era. New York: The Free Press. pp. 158, 160–162, 190. ISBN 9780029228951. Archived from the original on 28 October 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
  28. ↑ Hollingham, Richard (8 September 2014). "V2: The Nazi rocket that launched the space age". BBC. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
  29. ↑ "NASA History: Rocket vehicles". Hq.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2013-01-25. Retrieved 2012-12-10.
  30. ↑ Kelion, Leo (2013-11-11). "Rocket bicycle sets 207mph speed record By Leo Kelion". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2014-11-11. Retrieved 2014-11-11.
  31. ↑ Polmar, Norman; Moore, Kenneth J. (2004). Cold War submarines : the design and construction of U.S. and Soviet submarines. Washington, DC: Brassey's. p. 304. ISBN 978-1-57488-594-1.
  32. ↑ III, compiled by A.D. Baker (2000). The Naval Institute guide to combat fleets of the world 2000–2001 : their ships, aircraft, and systems. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. p. 581. ISBN 978-1-55750-197-4.
  33. ↑ "The Rocketman". The Rocketman. Archived from the original on 2010-02-13. Retrieved 2012-12-10.
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