US3185553A - Acetylenic lead compounds and gasoline compositions thereof - Google Patents

Acetylenic lead compounds and gasoline compositions thereof Download PDF

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US3185553A
US3185553A US136457A US13645761A US3185553A US 3185553 A US3185553 A US 3185553A US 136457 A US136457 A US 136457A US 13645761 A US13645761 A US 13645761A US 3185553 A US3185553 A US 3185553A
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lead
propynyl
gasoline
trimethyl
compositions
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Ballinger Peter
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California Research LLC
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California Research LLC
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F7/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 4 or 14 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F7/24—Lead compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/30—Organic compounds compounds not mentioned before (complexes)
    • C10L1/305—Organic compounds compounds not mentioned before (complexes) organo-metallic compounds (containing a metal to carbon bond)
    • C10L1/306—Organic compounds compounds not mentioned before (complexes) organo-metallic compounds (containing a metal to carbon bond) organo Pb compounds

Definitions

  • This invention relates to an improved gasoline compopression ratios. for increased powerand improved performance, there is constant demand for gasoline compositions of even higher octane number.
  • an object of the present invention is to provide I new lead compoundssuitable for improving octane ratings of hydrocarbon. base. fuels boilingin the gasoline range.
  • Another object isto provide new propynyl trimethyl lead and butynyl trimethyl lead compounds
  • the new lead compounds are useful forstudy of combustion properties of hydrocarbons, especiallyin respect tofthe antidetonating properties.
  • the new lead compounds are usefulto produce trimethyl lead bydroxide, e.g., upon introducing propynyl trimethyl lead compound into water.
  • hydrocarbon base fuel boiling in the gasoline boiling range containing. propynyl t-rimethyl lead or butynyl trimethyl lead novel and effective lead compounds in amounts suflicient to improve the octane number, preferably, atuleast10.5 mL/gal. of base fuel. provides greatly improvedoctane ratings.
  • General- Patented May 25, 1965 yl trimethyl lead or butynyl trimethyl lead and mixtures thereof in accordance with the invention provide a new class of organo lead compounds useful as octane improving agents for gasolines as well as for other purposes.
  • the invention as to the lead compounds is best exemplified by the members selected from the group consisting of propynyl trialkyl lead and butynyl trialkyl lead wherein the alkyl is methyl, ethyl and propyL-and mixtures thereof.
  • Examples of these compounds are propynyl methyl ethyl propyl lead, propynyl dimethyl ethyl lead,
  • H propynyl dimethyl propyl lead, propynyl diethyl methyl lead, propynyl diethyl propyl lead, propynyl trimethyl lead, propynyl triethyl lead, propynyl tripropyl lead, propynyl d-i-propyl methyl lead, propynyl dipropyl ethyl lead other hand, fall into neither category as they are liquid and thermally stable. It is most unexpected that the properties of the compounds are so different from those of other acetylides.
  • hydrocarbon base fuel of the compositions according to the invention are prepared by conventional refining and blending processes. They normally contain straight-chain paraiiins, branched-chain paraffins, olefins,
  • the: compounds are added to the gasoline mixture in an. effective amount from about 1. ml. to about 7 ml./ gal.
  • the superior newgasoline compositions of the invention show improved high octanenumbers compared to the unleaded hydrocarbon base fuels.
  • the novel propyn aromatics and naphthenes Since straight-chain parafiins have a tendency adversely to aifect octane number, the content of such hydrocarbons is ordinarily low.
  • the base fuel is a hydrocarbon fuel boiling in the gasoline boiling range.
  • such fuels have an ASTM (13-86) distillation with initial boiling point of about 100 F. and a final boiilng point of about 425 F.
  • the unleaded base fuel has -a Research octane number of at least 85, as determined by the accepted CFR engine test methods.
  • the base fuel preferably contains at least 20% by volume of aromatic hydrocarbons. Less than 30% by volume of olefinic hydrocarbons are present in the fuel.
  • the total paraffin and naphthene hydrocarbo-n content of the preferred fuel may be as much as by volume.
  • fuels containing in the range of 20-60% by volume of paraflinic and naphthenic hydrocarbons are preferred by volatility and other desirable "characteristics.
  • the more preferred hydrocarbon base fuels are those which contain from 2060% by volume aromatic hydrocarbons and from 030% by vol ume of olefinic hydrocarbons.
  • a gasoline having all-round desirable characteristics has a clear octane number of at least and contains about 50 60% by volume of paraffin and naphthene hydrocarbons, about 30-40% aromatic hydrocarbons and about 15% olefinic hydrocarbons.
  • lead compound per gallon For practical purposes, not more than about 7 ml. of lead compound per gallon is ordinarily used in the compositions.
  • other octane improving additives may be employed in addition to propynyl trimethyl lead or butynyl trimethyl lead.
  • lead compounds such as lead tetraethyl, carbonyl derivatives of iron and cyclopentadienyl derivatives of metals, such as manganese or iron.
  • Other gasoline additives such as scavengers like ethylene chloride or bromide, oxidation inhibitors, corrosion inhibitors, surface ignition suppressants like phosphorus compounds, detergents, and the like may be present.
  • EXAMPLE 1 A solution of n-butyl lithium (0.2 mol) in 200 cc. mixed pentane-hexane was mixed with 250 ml. of diethyl ether in a 1-liter, 3-necked flask fitted with a reflux condenser, stirrer and gas inlet tube. This solution was cooled in ice, stirred, and methyl acetylene (propyne) was bubbled through. A white suspension of propynyl lithium rapidly formed. As soon as evolution of heat ceased, indicating completion of the reaction, the passage of the gas was stopped. 57.6 g. (0.2 mol) of trimethyl lead chloride was then added to the suspension and the mixture was heated.
  • the ether extract was washed with water and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. After removal of the ether, fractionation yielded 6 g. (11%) of a liquid boiling at 54 C. at a pressure of 4 mm. of mercury. The infrared spectrum showed a peak at 2130 cm? due to the CEC stretching mode. The bond is alpha to the lead atom.
  • the following table is a summary of the pertinent data of the examples.
  • the type of compositions of the hydrocarbon base fuel is shown with respect to the normal octane rating.
  • the number is the clear octane rating of an unleaded premium and primary reference base gasolines.
  • This octane number is the accepted Research octane number which is usually employed in designating a given gasoline. This method is described as Research Method D-908 in ASTM Manual of Engine Test Methods for Rating Fuels. According to this method, the octane numbers are also designated F-l Octane Numbers.
  • the table also shows the efifects on octane number of the base fuel by the addition of propynyl trimethyl lead or butynyl trimethyl lead according to the Motor Method D-357 of the ASTM Manual of Engine Test Methods for Rating Fuels.
  • This method is designated as F-2 Method and is more stringent than the Research Method. It illustrates more accurately the desirable qualities of the improved gasoline composition of the invention.
  • the compositions were blended to give thecustomary lead concentration equivalent to about 3 cc. of TEL.
  • Table I The data of the examples are presented in Table I.
  • Primary reference mixture 80% 2,2,4-trimethyl pentane, 20% n-heptane.
  • the product was a colorless liquid (density, 1.82 g./ml. at 23 C.) having good thermal stability.
  • the yield was 15.8 g. corresponding to 27%.
  • the infrared spectrum showed a strong absorption peak at 2130 cm.- due to the -CEC- stretching frequency. The bond is alpha to the lead atom.
  • EXAMPLE 2 The examples summarized in the above table show that gasoline compositions of the invention containing propynyl trimethyl lead or butynyl trimethyl lead are decidedly better on the basis of octane number ratings than comparable unleaded gasoline compositions.
  • a hydrocarbon fuel of the gasoline boiling range adapted for use as a fuel for spark ignition internal combustion engines having a clear Research octane number of at least about and containing at least 20% by volume of aromatic hydrocarbons, not more than 30% by volume of olefinic hydrocarbons and not more than 60% by volume of paraffinic and naphthenic hydrocarbons, said hydrocarbon fuel having incorporated therein from about 1 ml. to about 7 ml. of butynyl trimethyl lead per gallon of said fuel.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
  • Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)

Description

ACETYLENIC LEAD COMPOUNDS AND GASOLINE COMPOSITIONS THEREOF Peter Ballinger, San Rafael,,Calif., assignor to California Research Corporation, San Francisco, Calif., a corporation of Delaware s s No Drawing. FiledSept. 7, 1961, Ser. No. 136,457 1 Claim. (01. 44---69) This invention relates to an improved gasoline compopression ratios. for increased powerand improved performance, there is constant demand for gasoline compositions of even higher octane number. l
Many materials have been added to the-gasoline base stocks, and additives such as lead tetraet'hyl have been employed to meet the demands forhigher octane number gasoline compositions. However, it has been generally realized that there is at presenta limit to the improve. ment in octane number. either by means of blending or addition of additives. New gasoline base stocks with the combination of different additives are needed. Consequently, to avoid present limitations and provide new approaches, new gasoline compositions have been provided.
Thus, an object of the present invention is to provide I new lead compoundssuitable for improving octane ratings of hydrocarbon. base. fuels boilingin the gasoline range. Another object isto provide new propynyl trimethyl lead and butynyl trimethyl lead compounds As one of the aspects of the invention, the new lead compounds are useful forstudy of combustion properties of hydrocarbons, especiallyin respect tofthe antidetonating properties. As a further aspect of the invention, the new lead compounds are usefulto produce trimethyl lead bydroxide, e.g., upon introducing propynyl trimethyl lead compound into water. Other objects and aspects ofthe invention will be apparent from the description of the invention herein. a j
Ithas now been found that hydrocarbon base fuel boiling in the gasoline boiling range containing. propynyl t-rimethyl lead or butynyl trimethyl lead, novel and effective lead compounds in amounts suflicient to improve the octane number, preferably, atuleast10.5 mL/gal. of base fuel. provides greatly improvedoctane ratings. General- Patented May 25, 1965 yl trimethyl lead or butynyl trimethyl lead and mixtures thereof in accordance with the invention provide a new class of organo lead compounds useful as octane improving agents for gasolines as well as for other purposes.
The invention as to the lead compounds is best exemplified by the members selected from the group consisting of propynyl trialkyl lead and butynyl trialkyl lead wherein the alkyl is methyl, ethyl and propyL-and mixtures thereof. Examples of these compounds are propynyl methyl ethyl propyl lead, propynyl dimethyl ethyl lead,
. H propynyl dimethyl propyl lead, propynyl diethyl methyl lead, propynyl diethyl propyl lead, propynyl trimethyl lead, propynyl triethyl lead, propynyl tripropyl lead, propynyl d-i-propyl methyl lead, propynyl dipropyl ethyl lead other hand, fall into neither category as they are liquid and thermally stable. It is most unexpected that the properties of the compounds are so different from those of other acetylides. V
Although the mechanism by which the propynyl t-r-iinethyl lead or butynyl trimethyl lead compoundsoperate "in a detonating hydrocarbon base fuel is not known, it is believed that the lead compound undergoes a unique rate controlling step in the detonation reaction and at some point is in a form which inhibits the wil detonating side reactions which cause the knock in the modern engines.
The hydrocarbon base fuel of the compositions according to the invention are prepared by conventional refining and blending processes. They normally contain straight-chain paraiiins, branched-chain paraffins, olefins,
ly, the: compounds are added to the gasoline mixture in an. effective amount from about 1. ml. to about 7 ml./ gal.
The superior newgasoline compositions of the invention show improved high octanenumbers compared to the unleaded hydrocarbon base fuels. The novel propyn aromatics and naphthenes. Since straight-chain parafiins have a tendency adversely to aifect octane number, the content of such hydrocarbons is ordinarily low.
As already mentioned, the base fuel is a hydrocarbon fuel boiling in the gasoline boiling range. Generally described, such fuels have an ASTM (13-86) distillation with initial boiling point of about 100 F. and a final boiilng point of about 425 F. Preferably the unleaded base fuel has -a Research octane number of at least 85, as determined by the accepted CFR engine test methods. Also, the base fuel preferably contains at least 20% by volume of aromatic hydrocarbons. Less than 30% by volume of olefinic hydrocarbons are present in the fuel. The total paraffin and naphthene hydrocarbo-n content of the preferred fuel may be as much as by volume. For best overall engine performance, fuels containing in the range of 20-60% by volume of paraflinic and naphthenic hydrocarbons are preferred by volatility and other desirable "characteristics. The more preferred hydrocarbon base fuels are those which contain from 2060% by volume aromatic hydrocarbons and from 030% by vol ume of olefinic hydrocarbons. Most preferably, a gasoline having all-round desirable characteristics has a clear octane number of at least and contains about 50 60% by volume of paraffin and naphthene hydrocarbons, about 30-40% aromatic hydrocarbons and about 15% olefinic hydrocarbons.
For practical purposes, not more than about 7 ml. of lead compound per gallon is ordinarily used in the compositions. If desired, other octane improving additives may be employed in addition to propynyl trimethyl lead or butynyl trimethyl lead. These include other lead compounds such as lead tetraethyl, carbonyl derivatives of iron and cyclopentadienyl derivatives of metals, such as manganese or iron. Other gasoline additives such as scavengers like ethylene chloride or bromide, oxidation inhibitors, corrosion inhibitors, surface ignition suppressants like phosphorus compounds, detergents, and the like may be present.
The following examples illustrate the preparation of propynyl trimethyl lead and butynyl trimethyl lead in accordance with the invention. Unless otherwise specified, the proportions are on a weight basis.
EXAMPLE 1 A solution of n-butyl lithium (0.2 mol) in 200 cc. mixed pentane-hexane was mixed with 250 ml. of diethyl ether in a 1-liter, 3-necked flask fitted with a reflux condenser, stirrer and gas inlet tube. This solution was cooled in ice, stirred, and methyl acetylene (propyne) was bubbled through. A white suspension of propynyl lithium rapidly formed. As soon as evolution of heat ceased, indicating completion of the reaction, the passage of the gas was stopped. 57.6 g. (0.2 mol) of trimethyl lead chloride was then added to the suspension and the mixture was heated. Since both reactants have a low solubility in ether, 100 ml. of dioxane was added to improve the solubility, and the heating was continued for 3 to 4 hours. The mixture was left overnight and the ether was removed by stripping under a vacuum. The residue was distilled at 100 C. under a pressure of 40 mm. of mercury with the addition of a small amount of mineral oil to assist the final removal of the distillate. Most of the dioxane and lead compound were collected in an ice-cooled trap, and the ether was condensed in a Dry Ice trap. The material in the ice-cooled trap was vigorous reaction occurred. Following this, 200 ml. of ethyl ether were added and the ammonia was allowed to evaporate. The ether extract was washed with water and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. After removal of the ether, fractionation yielded 6 g. (11%) of a liquid boiling at 54 C. at a pressure of 4 mm. of mercury. The infrared spectrum showed a peak at 2130 cm? due to the CEC stretching mode. The bond is alpha to the lead atom.
In further illustration of the superior new gasoline composition of the invention, several compositions and tests thereon are given in the following additional examples. These tests show the improved effect of the combination of the hydrocarbon base fuel with propynyl trimethyl lead or butynyl trimethyl lead as compared with fuels without lead compounds.
The following table is a summary of the pertinent data of the examples. The type of compositions of the hydrocarbon base fuel is shown with respect to the normal octane rating. The number is the clear octane rating of an unleaded premium and primary reference base gasolines. This octane number, as already mentioned, is the accepted Research octane number which is usually employed in designating a given gasoline. This method is described as Research Method D-908 in ASTM Manual of Engine Test Methods for Rating Fuels. According to this method, the octane numbers are also designated F-l Octane Numbers.
The table also shows the efifects on octane number of the base fuel by the addition of propynyl trimethyl lead or butynyl trimethyl lead according to the Motor Method D-357 of the ASTM Manual of Engine Test Methods for Rating Fuels. This method is designated as F-2 Method and is more stringent than the Research Method. It illustrates more accurately the desirable qualities of the improved gasoline composition of the invention. In both F-1 and F-2 methods, the compositions were blended to give thecustomary lead concentration equivalent to about 3 cc. of TEL. The data of the examples are presented in Table I.
Primary reference mixture: 80% 2,2,4-trimethyl pentane, 20% n-heptane.
fractionated to remove dioxane which distilled at 28 C. under a pressure of mm. of mercury, and the residue distilled entirely at 65.5 C. under a pressure of 16 mm. of mercury. The product was a colorless liquid (density, 1.82 g./ml. at 23 C.) having good thermal stability. The yield was 15.8 g. corresponding to 27%. The infrared spectrum showed a strong absorption peak at 2130 cm.- due to the -CEC- stretching frequency. The bond is alpha to the lead atom.
EXAMPLE 2 The examples summarized in the above table show that gasoline compositions of the invention containing propynyl trimethyl lead or butynyl trimethyl lead are decidedly better on the basis of octane number ratings than comparable unleaded gasoline compositions.
As many apparently widely different embodiments of this invention may be made by one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the specific embodiments except as defined in the appended claim.
I claim:
A hydrocarbon fuel of the gasoline boiling range adapted for use as a fuel for spark ignition internal combustion engines having a clear Research octane number of at least about and containing at least 20% by volume of aromatic hydrocarbons, not more than 30% by volume of olefinic hydrocarbons and not more than 60% by volume of paraffinic and naphthenic hydrocarbons, said hydrocarbon fuel having incorporated therein from about 1 ml. to about 7 ml. of butynyl trimethyl lead per gallon of said fuel.
References Cited by the Examiner UNITED STATES PATENTS Midgley 44-69 Shappirio 252-386 Partridge et a1. 44-69 Hinkamp et a1. 44-69 Brown 44-69 6 7 2,950,301 8/60 Riddle 252-386 3,007,955 11/61 Blitzel et al. 260-437 3,010,980 11/61 Richardson 260-437 OTHER REFERENCES Beermann et a1.: Z. fiir Anorg. 11nd Alleg. Chemie, Band 276, pp. 20-32.
Chemical Reviews, vol. 54, No. 1, page 158.
DANIEL E. WYMAN, Primary Examiner.
JULIUS GREENWALD, Examiner.
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Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1573846A (en) * 1922-04-15 1926-02-23 Gen Motors Corp Method and means for using motor fuels
US2356476A (en) * 1941-06-28 1944-08-22 Shappirio Sol Motor fuels
US2513669A (en) * 1945-07-14 1950-07-04 Anglo Iranian Oil Co Ltd Motor and aviation fuels
US2855905A (en) * 1955-07-21 1958-10-14 Ethyl Corp Method of operating a spark ignition internal combustion engine and compositions therefor
US2901336A (en) * 1957-05-15 1959-08-25 Ethyl Corp Antiknock compositions
US2950301A (en) * 1959-05-01 1960-08-23 Ethyl Corp Preparation of organotin and lead compounds
US3007955A (en) * 1957-01-07 1961-11-07 Ethyl Corp Manufacture of organolead compounds
US3010980A (en) * 1960-09-30 1961-11-28 California Research Corp Trialkyl lead selenides

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1573846A (en) * 1922-04-15 1926-02-23 Gen Motors Corp Method and means for using motor fuels
US2356476A (en) * 1941-06-28 1944-08-22 Shappirio Sol Motor fuels
US2513669A (en) * 1945-07-14 1950-07-04 Anglo Iranian Oil Co Ltd Motor and aviation fuels
US2855905A (en) * 1955-07-21 1958-10-14 Ethyl Corp Method of operating a spark ignition internal combustion engine and compositions therefor
US3007955A (en) * 1957-01-07 1961-11-07 Ethyl Corp Manufacture of organolead compounds
US2901336A (en) * 1957-05-15 1959-08-25 Ethyl Corp Antiknock compositions
US2950301A (en) * 1959-05-01 1960-08-23 Ethyl Corp Preparation of organotin and lead compounds
US3010980A (en) * 1960-09-30 1961-11-28 California Research Corp Trialkyl lead selenides

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